{"id":335126,"date":"2023-12-11T11:36:53","date_gmt":"2023-12-11T11:36:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.in.yoga\/?p=335126"},"modified":"2025-12-24T16:32:05","modified_gmt":"2025-12-24T16:32:05","slug":"bhastrika-the-effects-and-mechanisms-of-health-improvement","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.in.yoga\/en\/bhastrika-the-effects-and-mechanisms-of-health-improvement\/","title":{"rendered":"Bhastrika. The Effects and Mechanisms of Health Improvement"},"content":{"rendered":"

Part 1. Bhastrika and Musculoskeletal System<\/h4>\n
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Whe<\/span>n pra<\/span>ctic<\/span>in<\/span>g Y<\/span>og<\/span>a lon<\/span>g enou<\/span>gh on<\/span>e st<\/span>ar<\/span>t<\/span>s t<\/span>o underst<\/span>an<\/span>d th<\/span>e pr<\/span>o<\/span>foundnes<\/span>s o<\/span>f th<\/span>e pra<\/span>ctice<\/span>s offered<\/span>. T<\/span>hu<\/span>s, th<\/span>e artic<\/span>le<\/span>s becom<\/span>e mor<\/span>e e<\/span>x<\/span>t<\/span>e<\/span>n<\/span>si<\/span>ve an<\/span>d requ<\/span>ir<\/span>e mor<\/span>e tim<\/span>e<\/span>. O<\/span>n th<\/span>e o<\/span>the<\/span>r han<\/span>d, we ha<\/span>ve th<\/span>e de<\/span>sir<\/span>e t<\/span>o co<\/span>n<\/span>tin<\/span>uou<\/span>sl<\/span>y shar<\/span>e th<\/span>e n<\/span>ew d<\/span>isc<\/span>over<\/span>ie<\/span>s wi<\/span>th th<\/span>e r<\/span>e<\/span>aders<\/span>. W<\/span>hat shal<\/span>l we d<\/span>o in this c<\/span>as<\/span>e<\/span>?<\/p>\n

Loo<\/span>k fo<\/span>r co<\/span>m<\/span>pro<\/span>m<\/span>is<\/span>e<\/span>.<\/p>\n

T<\/span>h<\/span>u<\/span>s, i<\/span>n ter<\/span>m<\/span>s o<\/span>f o<\/span>u<\/span>r sit<\/span>e, w<\/span>e ar<\/span>e l<\/span>au<\/span>nc<\/span>h<\/span>in<\/span>g a n<\/span>e<\/span>w for<\/span>m \u2014 p<\/span>u<\/span>blis<\/span>h<\/span>in<\/span>g th<\/span>e a<\/span>rticle<\/span>s a<\/span>s sep<\/span>a<\/span>rat<\/span>e pos<\/span>ts<\/span>. I<\/span>n t<\/span>h<\/span>i<\/span>s wa<\/span>y th<\/span>e i<\/span>n<\/span>for<\/span>m<\/span>atio<\/span>n w<\/span>il<\/span>l a<\/span>l<\/span>wa<\/span>y<\/span>s b<\/span>e u<\/span>pdate<\/span>d wh<\/span>il<\/span>e th<\/span>e r<\/span>e<\/span>ade<\/span>r w<\/span>il<\/span>l b<\/span>e abl<\/span>e t<\/span>o w<\/span>itnes<\/span>s th<\/span>e origi<\/span>n<\/span>atio<\/span>n o<\/span>f th<\/span>e n<\/span>e<\/span>w a<\/span>rticl<\/span>e<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Le<\/b><\/span>t<\/b> u<\/b><\/span>s<\/b> sta<\/b><\/span>r<\/b><\/span>t<\/b> fro<\/b><\/span>m<\/b> Bhastrika<\/b><\/span>.<\/b> W<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> wil<\/b><\/span>l<\/b> t<\/b><\/span>r<\/b><\/span>y<\/b> t<\/b><\/span>o<\/b> unde<\/b><\/span>r<\/b>stan<\/b><\/span>d<\/b> th<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> e<\/b>ffe<\/b><\/span>c<\/b><\/span>ts<\/b> o<\/b><\/span>f<\/b> thi<\/b><\/span>s<\/b> pran<\/b><\/span>a<\/b><\/span>ya<\/b><\/span>m<\/b><\/span>a<\/b> an<\/b><\/span>d<\/b> th<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> m<\/b><\/span>echanism<\/b><\/span>s<\/b> o<\/b><\/span>f<\/b> i<\/b><\/span>ts<\/b> e<\/b>ffe<\/b><\/span>c<\/b><\/span>ts<\/b> o<\/span>n o<\/span>ne\u2019s body.<\/p>\n

\"\u0431\u0445\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\"<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Bhastrika (\u092d\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915, bhastrika) \u2013<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n

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is a pranayama or a breathing exercise in Yoga. The term \u201cbhastrika\u201d means \u201cblacksmith\u2019s bellows\u201d that this pranayama actually resembles. It is a rhythmic breathing performed by abdominal muscles at the rate 90-120 breaths per minute. The inhalation to inhalation duration ratio is 3:1 (A.G. Safronov. Yoga: Physiology, Psychosomatics, Bioenergetics; D. Brahmachari. Yoga Sukshma Vyayama).<\/p>\n

Bhastrika exerts the effect of conditioning on many systems of the body, in particular: musc<\/span>u<\/span>l<\/span>a<\/span>r syste<\/span>m and th<\/span>e syste<\/span>m o<\/span>f e<\/span>x<\/span>ter<\/span>na<\/span>l respir<\/span>atio<\/span>n Ca<\/span>r<\/span>d<\/span>i<\/span>o<\/span>v<\/span>a<\/span>sc<\/span>u<\/span>l<\/span>a<\/span>r syste<\/span>m Ga<\/span>stroi<\/span>n<\/span>te<\/span>sti<\/span>na<\/span>l tra<\/span>c<\/span>t OR<\/span>T<\/span>–<\/span>org<\/span>a<\/span>ns<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Le<\/span>t u<\/span>s conside<\/span>r th<\/span>e effe<\/span>c<\/span>ts an<\/span>d m<\/span>ec<\/span>han<\/span>is<\/span>m<\/span>s o<\/span>f B<\/span>ha<\/span>strik<\/span>a fro<\/span>m th<\/span>e pe<\/span>rspe<\/span>ctiv<\/span>e o<\/span>f ev<\/span>e<\/span>r<\/span>y sep<\/span>a<\/span>rat<\/span>e syste<\/span>m<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Th<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> m<\/b><\/span>usculos<\/b><\/span>k<\/b><\/span>eleta<\/b><\/span>l<\/b> syste<\/b><\/span>m<\/b><\/p>\n

1<\/b><\/span>.<\/b> Nor<\/b><\/span>m<\/b><\/span>aliz<\/b><\/span>a<\/b>tio<\/b><\/span>n<\/b> o<\/b><\/span>f<\/b> fun<\/b><\/span>c<\/b>tiona<\/b><\/span>l<\/b> accura<\/b><\/span>c<\/b><\/span>y<\/b> i<\/b><\/span>n<\/b> th<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> \u201c<\/b><\/span>spina<\/b><\/span>l<\/b> colu<\/b><\/span>m<\/b><\/span>n<\/b> e<\/b><\/span>x<\/b><\/span>te<\/b><\/span>n<\/b><\/span>so<\/b><\/span>rs<\/b> \u2014<\/b> abdo<\/b><\/span>m<\/b><\/span>ina<\/b><\/span>l<\/b> m<\/b><\/span>uscle<\/b><\/span>s<\/b> (<\/b>fle<\/b><\/span>x<\/b><\/span>o<\/b><\/span>rs<\/b> an<\/b><\/span>d<\/b> rotato<\/b><\/span>r<\/b>s<\/b><\/span>)<\/b> \u2014<\/b> diaphragm<\/b><\/span>\u201d<\/b> syste<\/b><\/span>m<\/b><\/span>.<\/b><\/p>\n

W<\/span>he<\/span>n pe<\/span>r<\/span>for<\/span>m<\/span>in<\/span>g B<\/span>ha<\/span>strik<\/span>a w<\/span>e i<\/span>nv<\/span>ol<\/span>v<\/span>e th<\/span>e w<\/span>hol<\/span>e a<\/span>g<\/span>gregat<\/span>e o<\/span>f th<\/span>e a<\/span>bdo<\/span>m<\/span>ina<\/span>l wa<\/span>l<\/span>l m<\/span>uscle<\/span>s \u2014 re<\/span>c<\/span>tu<\/span>s m<\/span>uscl<\/span>e o<\/span>f a<\/span>bdo<\/span>m<\/span>e<\/span>n<\/span>, tr<\/span>a<\/span>ns<\/span>v<\/span>e<\/span>rs<\/span>e a<\/span>n<\/span>d obli<\/span>q<\/span>u<\/span>e m<\/span>uscles<\/span>. W<\/span>e i<\/span>nv<\/span>ol<\/span>v<\/span>e b<\/span>a<\/span>si<\/span>c respirato<\/span>r<\/span>y m<\/span>uscle<\/span>s \u2014 th<\/span>e d<\/span>i<\/span>a<\/span>p<\/span>h<\/span>rag<\/span>m a<\/span>n<\/span>d i<\/span>n<\/span>tercosta<\/span>l m<\/span>uscles<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Besides<\/span>, i<\/span>n th<\/span>e co<\/span>u<\/span>rs<\/span>e o<\/span>f long-ter<\/span>m pe<\/span>r<\/span>for<\/span>ma<\/span>nc<\/span>e o<\/span>f B<\/span>ha<\/span>strik<\/span>a a pe<\/span>rso<\/span>n w<\/span>it<\/span>h i<\/span>nha<\/span>r<\/span>m<\/span>o<\/span>n<\/span>iou<\/span>s m<\/span>usc<\/span>u<\/span>l<\/span>a<\/span>r bod<\/span>y t<\/span>yp<\/span>e ma<\/span>y repo<\/span>r<\/span>t d<\/span>ra<\/span>g<\/span>gin<\/span>g (<\/span>a<\/span>s a<\/span>n o<\/span>ptio<\/span>n<\/span>) sens<\/span>a<\/span>tio<\/span>n i<\/span>n h<\/span>i<\/span>s l<\/span>ow<\/span>e<\/span>r back<\/span>. I<\/span>t mea<\/span>n<\/span>s t<\/span>h<\/span>a<\/span>t th<\/span>e a<\/span>c<\/span>t o<\/span>f br<\/span>e<\/span>at<\/span>h<\/span>in<\/span>g a<\/span>ls<\/span>o (<\/span>r<\/span>efle<\/span>cti<\/span>v<\/span>el<\/span>y<\/span>) in<\/span>v<\/span>ol<\/span>v<\/span>e<\/span>s th<\/span>e e<\/span>x<\/span>tenso<\/span>rs<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Cl<\/span>a<\/span>ssic<\/span>a<\/span>l B<\/span>ha<\/span>strik<\/span>a i<\/span>s don<\/span>e a<\/span>t a qu<\/span>ic<\/span>k rat<\/span>e \u2014 1<\/span>2<\/span>0 br<\/span>e<\/span>ath<\/span>s pe<\/span>r m<\/span>i<\/span>n<\/span>ut<\/span>e (<\/span>A<\/span>.<\/span>G<\/span>. S<\/span>a<\/span>fron<\/span>o<\/span>v<\/span>. Y<\/span>og<\/span>a<\/span>: Ph<\/span>ysiolo<\/span>g<\/span>y<\/span>, Ps<\/span>y<\/span>choso<\/span>m<\/span>ati<\/span>cs<\/span>, Bioener<\/span>g<\/span>eti<\/span>cs<\/span>)<\/span>. I<\/span>n suc<\/span>h circ<\/span>u<\/span>m<\/span>st<\/span>a<\/span>nce<\/span>s th<\/span>e m<\/span>uscle<\/span>s s<\/span>ha<\/span>l<\/span>l b<\/span>e slig<\/span>h<\/span>tl<\/span>y len<\/span>g<\/span>thene<\/span>d<\/span>; y<\/span>e<\/span>t s<\/span>etti<\/span>n<\/span>g th<\/span>e re<\/span>qu<\/span>ire<\/span>d r<\/span>h<\/span>y<\/span>t<\/span>hm<\/span>s 3<\/span>:<\/span>1 (<\/span>i<\/span>nha<\/span>l<\/span>atio<\/span>n t<\/span>o ex<\/span>ha<\/span>l<\/span>atio<\/span>n du<\/span>r<\/span>atio<\/span>n<\/span>) re<\/span>qu<\/span>ire<\/span>s a f<\/span>a<\/span>irl<\/span>y sop<\/span>h<\/span>i<\/span>sticate<\/span>d sensin<\/span>g o<\/span>f m<\/span>uscle<\/span>s a<\/span>n<\/span>d th<\/span>e<\/span>i<\/span>r coor<\/span>d<\/span>i<\/span>n<\/span>ation<\/span>. Thu<\/b><\/span>s,<\/b> i<\/b><\/span>t<\/b> m<\/b><\/span>ean<\/b><\/span>s<\/b> tha<\/b><\/span>t<\/b> th<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> m<\/b><\/span>ai<\/b><\/span>n<\/b> p<\/b><\/span>a<\/b>ra<\/b><\/span>m<\/b><\/span>ete<\/b><\/span>r<\/b> traine<\/b><\/span>d<\/b> shal<\/b><\/span>l<\/b> b<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> th<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> conscious<\/b><\/span>,<\/b> fi<\/b>n<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> intra<\/b><\/span>m<\/b><\/span>uscula<\/b><\/span>r<\/b> coordin<\/b><\/span>a<\/b>tio<\/b><\/span>n<\/b> o<\/b><\/span>f<\/b> thi<\/b><\/span>s<\/b> grou<\/b><\/span>p<\/b><\/span>.<\/p>\n

Wh<\/span>il<\/span>e tr<\/span>a<\/span>i<\/span>n<\/span>in<\/span>g th<\/span>e coor<\/span>d<\/span>i<\/span>n<\/span>atio<\/span>n th<\/span>e stat<\/span>e o<\/span>f th<\/span>e m<\/span>uscle<\/span>s s<\/span>ha<\/span>l<\/span>l b<\/span>e a<\/span>ls<\/span>o rec<\/span>o<\/span>v<\/span>ere<\/span>d. Th<\/span>e ton<\/span>e o<\/span>f th<\/span>e spi<\/span>na<\/span>l col<\/span>um<\/span>n e<\/span>x<\/span>tenso<\/span>rs s<\/span>ha<\/span>l<\/span>l gra<\/span>d<\/span>u<\/span>a<\/span>ll<\/span>y co<\/span>m<\/span>e t<\/span>o nor<\/span>ma<\/span>l a<\/span>s w<\/span>ell<\/span>, t<\/span>h<\/span>i<\/span>s bee<\/span>n evidence<\/span>d b<\/span>y sens<\/span>atio<\/span>n<\/span>s i<\/span>n one<\/span>\u2019<\/span>s l<\/span>ow<\/span>e<\/span>r back<\/span>. T<\/span>ot<\/span>a<\/span>l restor<\/span>atio<\/span>n o<\/span>f m<\/span>usc<\/span>u<\/span>l<\/span>a<\/span>r b<\/span>a<\/span>l<\/span>a<\/span>nc<\/span>e re<\/span>qu<\/span>ire<\/span>s a co<\/span>m<\/span>prehensi<\/span>v<\/span>e se<\/span>t o<\/span>f e<\/span>x<\/span>ercise<\/span>s co<\/span>n<\/span>t<\/span>a<\/span>i<\/span>n<\/span>in<\/span>g a<\/span>s<\/span>ana<\/span>s a<\/span>n<\/span>d e<\/span>x<\/span>tensi<\/span>v<\/span>e pr<\/span>ana<\/span>y<\/span>ama<\/span>s (<\/span>abdo<\/span>m<\/span>i<\/span>na<\/span>l br<\/span>e<\/span>at<\/span>h<\/span>ing<\/span>, d<\/span>i<\/span>a<\/span>p<\/span>h<\/span>rag<\/span>m<\/span>atic<\/span>, f<\/span>u<\/span>l<\/span>l y<\/span>ogi<\/span>c br<\/span>e<\/span>at<\/span>h<\/span>in<\/span>g)<\/span>.<\/p>\n

2.<\/b> T<\/b><\/span>rainin<\/b><\/span>g<\/b> th<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> diaphrag<\/b><\/span>m<\/b><\/span>\u00a0fi<\/b>n<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> sensin<\/b><\/span>g<\/b> an<\/b><\/span>d<\/b> control<\/b><\/span>.<\/b><\/p>\n

A<\/span>s i<\/span>t ha<\/span>s bee<\/span>n m<\/span>e<\/span>ntione<\/span>d ea<\/span>rlie<\/span>r<\/span>, w<\/span>he<\/span>n w<\/span>e d<\/span>o B<\/span>ha<\/span>strik<\/span>a<\/span>, th<\/span>e m<\/span>uscle<\/span>s o<\/span>f th<\/span>e an<\/span>terio<\/span>r a<\/span>bdo<\/span>m<\/span>i<\/span>na<\/span>l wa<\/span>l<\/span>l a<\/span>r<\/span>e slig<\/span>h<\/span>tl<\/span>y stretched<\/span>. T<\/span>h<\/span>i<\/span>s i<\/span>s u<\/span>nde<\/span>rst<\/span>a<\/span>n<\/span>da<\/span>bl<\/span>e wh<\/span>il<\/span>e i<\/span>t i<\/span>s o<\/span>n<\/span>l<\/span>y u<\/span>nde<\/span>r con<\/span>d<\/span>itio<\/span>n<\/span>s o<\/span>f e<\/span>x<\/span>tre<\/span>m<\/span>e econo<\/span>mi<\/span>z<\/span>atio<\/span>n o<\/span>f mov<\/span>e<\/span>m<\/span>e<\/span>n<\/span>ts t<\/span>h<\/span>a<\/span>t th<\/span>e pr<\/span>o<\/span>pose<\/span>d te<\/span>m<\/span>p<\/span>o<\/span>–r<\/span>h<\/span>y<\/span>t<\/span>h<\/span>m c<\/span>a<\/span>n b<\/span>e ens<\/span>u<\/span>red<\/span>. T<\/span>h<\/span>u<\/span>s, th<\/span>e a<\/span>c<\/span>t o<\/span>f br<\/span>e<\/span>at<\/span>h<\/span>in<\/span>g esse<\/span>nti<\/span>a<\/span>ll<\/span>y i<\/span>n<\/span>v<\/span>ol<\/span>v<\/span>e<\/span>s re<\/span>c<\/span>tu<\/span>s a<\/span>n<\/span>d tr<\/span>a<\/span>ns<\/span>v<\/span>e<\/span>rs<\/span>e m<\/span>uscle<\/span>s o<\/span>f th<\/span>e abdo<\/span>m<\/span>i<\/span>na<\/span>l (<\/span>i<\/span>n c<\/span>a<\/span>s<\/span>e th<\/span>e pr<\/span>ana<\/span>y<\/span>am<\/span>a i<\/span>s pe<\/span>r<\/span>for<\/span>m<\/span>e<\/span>d w<\/span>he<\/span>n s<\/span>e<\/span>ate<\/span>d<\/span>)<\/span>, i<\/span>n<\/span>tercost<\/span>a<\/span>l m<\/span>uscle<\/span>s o<\/span>f l<\/span>ow<\/span>e<\/span>r rib<\/span>s a<\/span>n<\/span>d d<\/span>i<\/span>a<\/span>p<\/span>h<\/span>rag<\/span>m<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Sinc<\/span>e th<\/span>e ex<\/span>h<\/span>al<\/span>atio<\/span>n i<\/span>n don<\/span>e v<\/span>e<\/span>r<\/span>y qu<\/span>ickl<\/span>y \u2014 i<\/span>ts du<\/span>r<\/span>atio<\/span>n i<\/span>s 1 tim<\/span>e t<\/span>o 3 tim<\/span>e<\/span>s o<\/span>f th<\/span>e i<\/span>nha<\/span>l<\/span>atio<\/span>n \u2014 th<\/span>e m<\/span>i<\/span>n<\/span>i<\/span>mu<\/span>m o<\/span>f m<\/span>uscle<\/span>s i<\/span>s i<\/span>nv<\/span>ol<\/span>v<\/span>ed<\/span>. As<\/b> a<\/b> rul<\/b><\/span>e<\/b><\/span>,<\/b> i<\/b><\/span>t<\/b> i<\/b><\/span>s<\/b> th<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> diaphrag<\/b><\/span>m<\/b> tha<\/b><\/span>t<\/b> ta<\/b><\/span>k<\/b><\/span>e<\/b><\/span>s<\/b> th<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> m<\/b><\/span>ai<\/b><\/span>n<\/b> loa<\/b><\/span>d<\/b> on<\/b><\/span>.<\/b><\/p>\n

W<\/b><\/span>he<\/b><\/span>n<\/b> pe<\/b><\/span>r<\/b><\/span>for<\/b><\/span>m<\/b><\/span>in<\/b><\/span>g<\/b> Bhastrik<\/b><\/span>a<\/b> w<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> m<\/b><\/span>aste<\/b><\/span>r<\/b> fi<\/b>n<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> sensin<\/b><\/span>g<\/b> an<\/b><\/span>d<\/b> contro<\/b><\/span>l<\/b> o<\/b><\/span>f<\/b> a<\/b> trul<\/b><\/span>y<\/b> r<\/b><\/span>o<\/b><\/span>ya<\/b><\/span>l<\/b> m<\/b><\/span>uscl<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> o<\/b><\/span>f<\/b> th<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> hu<\/b><\/span>m<\/b><\/span>a<\/b><\/span>n<\/b> bod<\/b><\/span>y<\/b> \u2014<\/b> th<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> diaphrag<\/b><\/span>m<\/b><\/span>.<\/b><\/p>\n

\"diaphragm
diaphragm in bhastrika<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
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<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n
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<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n
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Th<\/span>e d<\/span>i<\/span>a<\/span>p<\/span>h<\/span>rag<\/span>m (<\/span>fro<\/span>m G<\/span>ree<\/span>k \u03b4<\/span>\u03b9<\/span>\u03ac\u03c6\u03c1<\/span>\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc<\/span>\u03b1 \u2014 p<\/span>a<\/span>rtitio<\/span>n<\/span>)<\/span>, o<\/span>r p<\/span>h<\/span>re<\/span>n<\/span>i<\/span>c b<\/span>a<\/span>rrie<\/span>r<\/span>, i<\/span>s e<\/span>x<\/span>tre<\/span>m<\/span>el<\/span>y i<\/span>m<\/span>po<\/span>r<\/span>t<\/span>an<\/span>t<\/span>. I<\/span>ts mov<\/span>e<\/span>m<\/span>e<\/span>n<\/span>ts ens<\/span>u<\/span>r<\/span>e<\/span>:<\/p>\n

\u2014 th<\/span>e spr<\/span>e<\/span>a<\/span>d o<\/span>f th<\/span>e l<\/span>u<\/span>ng<\/span>s (<\/span>i<\/span>n m<\/span>e<\/span>d<\/span>icin<\/span>e i<\/span>t i<\/span>s considere<\/span>d t<\/span>o b<\/span>e th<\/span>e ma<\/span>i<\/span>n m<\/span>us<\/span>cl<\/span>e o<\/span>f i<\/span>nha<\/span>l<\/span>atio<\/span>n<\/span>)<\/span>;<\/p>\n

\u2014 th<\/span>e bloo<\/span>d flo<\/span>w t<\/span>h<\/span>roug<\/span>h l<\/span>o<\/span>w tensio<\/span>n circ<\/span>u<\/span>l<\/span>atio<\/span>n t<\/span>o th<\/span>e h<\/span>ea<\/span>r<\/span>t (<\/span>v<\/span>enou<\/span>s p<\/span>um<\/span>p<\/span>) a<\/span>n<\/span>d conse<\/span>q<\/span>ue<\/span>n<\/span>tl<\/span>y \u2014 th<\/span>e so<\/span>u<\/span>n<\/span>d stat<\/span>e o<\/span>f th<\/span>e c<\/span>a<\/span>r<\/span>d<\/span>i<\/span>o<\/span>v<\/span>a<\/span>sc<\/span>u<\/span>l<\/span>a<\/span>r syste<\/span>m<\/span>;<\/p>\n

\u2014 th<\/span>e bloo<\/span>d flo<\/span>w t<\/span>h<\/span>roug<\/span>h th<\/span>e li<\/span>v<\/span>e<\/span>r<\/span>.<\/p>\n

I<\/span>t i<\/span>s i<\/span>n<\/span>tere<\/span>stin<\/span>g t<\/span>h<\/span>a<\/span>t i<\/span>n m<\/span>e<\/span>d<\/span>icin<\/span>e th<\/span>e opi<\/span>n<\/span>io<\/span>n o<\/span>f th<\/span>e d<\/span>i<\/span>a<\/span>p<\/span>h<\/span>rag<\/span>m t<\/span>o b<\/span>e th<\/span>e h<\/span>u<\/span>ma<\/span>n bod<\/span>y m<\/span>uscl<\/span>e t<\/span>h<\/span>a<\/span>t i<\/span>s s<\/span>ub<\/span>je<\/span>c<\/span>te<\/span>d t<\/span>o v<\/span>ol<\/span>un<\/span>t<\/span>a<\/span>ril<\/span>y co<\/span>n<\/span>tro<\/span>l e<\/span>ithe<\/span>r n<\/span>ev<\/span>e<\/span>r o<\/span>r v<\/span>e<\/span>r<\/span>y poorl<\/span>y stil<\/span>l prev<\/span>a<\/span>ils<\/span>. (<\/span>Cam<\/span>pbell<\/span>, 1<\/span>9<\/span>5<\/span>8<\/span>; D<\/span>e T<\/span>r<\/span>oy<\/span>e<\/span>r<\/span>, 19<\/span>8<\/span>2<\/span>)<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Man<\/span>ip<\/span>u<\/span>l<\/span>ation<\/span>s w<\/span>it<\/span>h one<\/span>\u2019<\/span>s bod<\/span>y don<\/span>e i<\/span>n th<\/span>e co<\/span>u<\/span>rs<\/span>e o<\/span>f Y<\/span>og<\/span>a te<\/span>sti<\/span>f<\/span>y t<\/span>o th<\/span>e o<\/span>p<\/span>posit<\/span>e<\/span>. Ther<\/span>e i<\/span>s a w<\/span>hol<\/span>e r<\/span>a<\/span>n<\/span>g<\/span>e o<\/span>f e<\/span>x<\/span>ercise<\/span>s mean<\/span>t fo<\/span>r ma<\/span>sterin<\/span>g th<\/span>e d<\/span>i<\/span>a<\/span>p<\/span>h<\/span>rag<\/span>m<\/span>: b<\/span>a<\/span>n<\/span>dha<\/span>s<\/span>, m<\/span>u<\/span>d<\/span>r<\/span>a<\/span>s (<\/span>U<\/span>d<\/span>d<\/span>iy<\/span>an<\/span>a a<\/span>n<\/span>d T<\/span>adag<\/span>i M<\/span>u<\/span>d<\/span>r<\/span>a<\/span>, U<\/span>d<\/span>d<\/span>iya<\/span>n<\/span>a B<\/span>a<\/span>n<\/span>dh<\/span>a Kriy<\/span>a<\/span>) a<\/span>n<\/span>d pr<\/span>ana<\/span>y<\/span>ama<\/span>s (<\/span>a<\/span>bdo<\/span>m<\/span>i<\/span>na<\/span>l a<\/span>n<\/span>d d<\/span>i<\/span>a<\/span>p<\/span>h<\/span>rag<\/span>m<\/span>ati<\/span>c br<\/span>e<\/span>at<\/span>h<\/span>, f<\/span>u<\/span>l<\/span>l y<\/span>ogi<\/span>c br<\/span>e<\/span>at<\/span>h<\/span>, B<\/span>ha<\/span>str<\/span>i<\/span>– k<\/span>a<\/span>)<\/span>. Th<\/span>e d<\/span>i<\/span>a<\/span>p<\/span>h<\/span>rag<\/span>m i<\/span>s a<\/span>ls<\/span>o i<\/span>nv<\/span>ol<\/span>v<\/span>e<\/span>d w<\/span>he<\/span>n pe<\/span>r<\/span>for<\/span>m<\/span>in<\/span>g a<\/span>s<\/span>ana<\/span>s \u2014 a<\/span>cti<\/span>v<\/span>el<\/span>y<\/span>, a<\/span>lb<\/span>e<\/span>i<\/span>t in<\/span>d<\/span>ire<\/span>c<\/span>tl<\/span>y<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0When speaking of<\/span>\u00a0B<\/span>ha<\/span>strik<\/span>a<\/span>, i<\/span>t i<\/span>s am<\/span>usin<\/span>g h<\/span>o<\/span>w sop<\/span>h<\/span>i<\/span>sticate<\/span>d<\/span>l<\/span>y th<\/span>e e<\/span>x<\/span>ercis<\/span>e ha<\/span>s bee<\/span>n b<\/span>y i<\/span>n<\/span>t<\/span>u<\/span>itio<\/span>n m<\/span>atched<\/span>.<\/p>\n

B<\/span>a<\/span>se<\/span>d o<\/span>n i<\/span>nv<\/span>e<\/span>stig<\/span>ation<\/span>s c<\/span>a<\/span>rrie<\/span>d ou<\/span>t i<\/span>n p<\/span>h<\/span>ysiolo<\/span>g<\/span>y w<\/span>e kn<\/span>o<\/span>w t<\/span>h<\/span>a<\/span>t<\/span>:<\/p>\n

Th<\/span>e fir<\/span>in<\/span>g o<\/span>f d<\/span>i<\/span>a<\/span>p<\/span>h<\/span>rag<\/span>m<\/span>ati<\/span>c m<\/span>oto<\/span>r n<\/span>eu<\/span>ron<\/span>s (<\/span>th<\/span>e ne<\/span>r<\/span>v<\/span>e cell<\/span>s t<\/span>h<\/span>a<\/span>t ens<\/span>u<\/span>r<\/span>e th<\/span>e w<\/span>or<\/span>k o<\/span>f th<\/span>e d<\/span>i<\/span>a<\/span>p<\/span>h<\/span>rag<\/span>m<\/span>) s<\/span>ha<\/span>l<\/span>l b<\/span>e m<\/span>axi<\/span>mu<\/span>m i<\/span>n th<\/span>e co<\/span>u<\/span>rs<\/span>e o<\/span>f f<\/span>a<\/span>s<\/span>t d<\/span>isplace<\/span>m<\/span>e<\/span>n<\/span>t o<\/span>f th<\/span>e l<\/span>ow<\/span>e<\/span>r rib<\/span>s (<\/span>th<\/span>e s<\/span>o c<\/span>a<\/span>lle<\/span>d e<\/span>x<\/span>citato<\/span>r<\/span>y i<\/span>n<\/span>tercost<\/span>a<\/span>l<\/span>–p<\/span>h<\/span>re<\/span>n<\/span>i<\/span>c r<\/span>efle<\/span>x<\/span>) (<\/span>Deci<\/span>ma<\/span>l e<\/span>t a<\/span>l<\/span>.<\/span>,<\/span>19<\/span>6<\/span>9<\/span>; S<\/span>h<\/span>i<\/span>ma<\/span>rev<\/span>a<\/span>, G<\/span>leb<\/span>o<\/span>vs<\/span>k<\/span>y<\/span>, 1<\/span>9<\/span>75<\/span>, 1<\/span>9<\/span>7<\/span>9<\/span>)<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Wh<\/span>il<\/span>e th<\/span>e tensio<\/span>n o<\/span>f th<\/span>e d<\/span>iap<\/span>h<\/span>rag<\/span>m m<\/span>usc<\/span>u<\/span>l<\/span>a<\/span>r fib<\/span>e<\/span>rs depend<\/span>s u<\/span>po<\/span>n th<\/span>e orig<\/span>i<\/span>na<\/span>l len<\/span>g<\/span>t<\/span>h<\/span>: th<\/span>e s<\/span>ma<\/span>lle<\/span>r th<\/span>e l<\/span>u<\/span>ng<\/span>s v<\/span>ol<\/span>um<\/span>e is<\/span>, th<\/span>e bi<\/span>g<\/span>g<\/span>e<\/span>r th<\/span>e a<\/span>cti<\/span>v<\/span>e tensio<\/span>n s<\/span>ha<\/span>l<\/span>l b<\/span>e (<\/span>Ki<\/span>m e<\/span>t a<\/span>l<\/span>.<\/span>,<\/span>1<\/span>976<\/span>)<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Th<\/span>e<\/span>y a<\/span>r<\/span>e th<\/span>e l<\/span>ow<\/span>e<\/span>r rib<\/span>s t<\/span>h<\/span>a<\/span>t w<\/span>e a<\/span>ctivat<\/span>e a<\/span>t th<\/span>e ea<\/span>rl<\/span>y sta<\/span>g<\/span>e o<\/span>f B<\/span>ha<\/span>strika<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Beside<\/span>s th<\/span>e av<\/span>era<\/span>g<\/span>e r<\/span>a<\/span>n<\/span>g<\/span>e o<\/span>f l<\/span>u<\/span>ng<\/span>s v<\/span>ol<\/span>um<\/span>e i<\/span>n wh<\/span>ic<\/span>h th<\/span>e pr<\/span>ana<\/span>y<\/span>am<\/span>a i<\/span>s don<\/span>e ma<\/span>k<\/span>e<\/span>s u<\/span>p 2<\/span>0<\/span>0 t<\/span>o 40<\/span>0 m<\/span>l (<\/span>s<\/span>ub<\/span>je<\/span>c<\/span>t t<\/span>o corre<\/span>c<\/span>t a<\/span>rran<\/span>g<\/span>e<\/span>m<\/span>e<\/span>n<\/span>t o<\/span>f m<\/span>usc<\/span>u<\/span>l<\/span>a<\/span>r mov<\/span>e<\/span>m<\/span>e<\/span>n<\/span>ts<\/span>)<\/span>, t<\/span>hat being<\/span>\u00a0rathe<\/span>r i<\/span>n<\/span>sig<\/span>n<\/span>ific<\/span>an<\/span>t<\/span>.<\/p>\n

T<\/span>h<\/span>a<\/span>t is<\/span>, i<\/span>n ter<\/span>m<\/span>s o<\/span>f B<\/span>ha<\/span>strik<\/span>a pe<\/span>r<\/span>for<\/span>ma<\/span>nc<\/span>e th<\/span>e rat<\/span>e o<\/span>f p<\/span>h<\/span>re<\/span>n<\/span>i<\/span>c n<\/span>eu<\/span>ro<\/span>n<\/span>s e<\/span>x<\/span>c<\/span>it<\/span>atio<\/span>n i<\/span>s h<\/span>ig<\/span>h a<\/span>n<\/span>d th<\/span>e tensio<\/span>n o<\/span>f th<\/span>e d<\/span>i<\/span>a<\/span>p<\/span>h<\/span>rag<\/span>m m<\/span>usc<\/span>u<\/span>l<\/span>a<\/span>r fib<\/span>e<\/span>rs i<\/span>s a<\/span>cti<\/span>ve<\/span>.<\/p>\n

An<\/span>d i<\/span>n g<\/span>ener<\/span>a<\/span>l, th<\/span>e g<\/span>enerate<\/span>d expirato<\/span>r<\/span>y loa<\/span>d i<\/span>s consider<\/span>a<\/span>bl<\/span>e bec<\/span>a<\/span>us<\/span>e o<\/span>f h<\/span>ig<\/span>h fri<\/span>ctio<\/span>na<\/span>l resist<\/span>a<\/span>nc<\/span>e t<\/span>o br<\/span>e<\/span>at<\/span>h<\/span>in<\/span>g t<\/span>h<\/span>a<\/span>t i<\/span>s for<\/span>m<\/span>e<\/span>d i<\/span>n th<\/span>e bronc<\/span>h<\/span>i d<\/span>u<\/span>e t<\/span>o h<\/span>ig<\/span>h a<\/span>i<\/span>r v<\/span>eloci<\/span>t<\/span>y<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Tha<\/span>t is<\/span>, i<\/span>n th<\/span>e cou<\/span>rs<\/span>e o<\/span>f th<\/span>e pra<\/span>ctic<\/span>e w<\/span>e consciousl<\/span>y for<\/span>m th<\/span>e cond<\/span>ition<\/span>s fo<\/span>r m<\/span>axi<\/span>m<\/span>u<\/span>m e<\/span>x<\/span>cit<\/span>atio<\/span>n o<\/span>f th<\/span>e z<\/span>on<\/span>e tha<\/span>t need<\/span>s t<\/span>o b<\/span>e w<\/span>or<\/span>k<\/span>e<\/span>d w<\/span>it<\/span>h<\/span>, an<\/span>d si<\/span>m<\/span>u<\/span>l<\/span>taneousl<\/span>y pr<\/span>o<\/span>vid<\/span>e i<\/span>t w<\/span>it<\/span>h load<\/span>.I<\/span>n fa<\/span>c<\/span>t<\/span>, thes<\/span>e ar<\/span>e th<\/span>e pe<\/span>r<\/span>fe<\/span>c<\/span>t cond<\/span>ition<\/span>s for th<\/span>e a<\/span>ctio<\/span>n tha<\/span>t train<\/span>s an<\/span>d d<\/span>e<\/span>v<\/span>elop<\/span>s th<\/span>e z<\/span>one<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Thes<\/span>e a<\/span>r<\/span>e th<\/span>e m<\/span>ec<\/span>han<\/span>is<\/span>m<\/span>s o<\/span>f h<\/span>o<\/span>w B<\/span>ha<\/span>strik<\/span>a affe<\/span>c<\/span>ts th<\/span>e m<\/span>usc<\/span>u<\/span>l<\/span>a<\/span>r syste<\/span>m<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Part 2. Bhastrika and Apparatus of External Respiration<\/h4>\n

\"yogatheraphy\"<\/p>\n

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B<\/span>ha<\/span>strik<\/span>a an<\/span>d a<\/span>pp<\/span>a<\/span>ratu<\/span>s o<\/span>f e<\/span>x<\/span>ter<\/span>na<\/span>l respir<\/span>ation<\/span>.<\/p>\n

1<\/b><\/span>.<\/b> Bhastrik<\/b><\/span>a<\/b> stabili<\/b><\/span>z<\/b><\/span>e<\/b><\/span>s<\/b> th<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> stat<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> o<\/b><\/span>f<\/b> th<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> bronchia<\/b><\/span>l<\/b> tre<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> s<\/b><\/span>m<\/b><\/span>oot<\/b><\/span>h<\/b> m<\/b><\/span>uscles<\/b><\/span>.<\/b><\/p>\n

Th<\/span>e ma<\/span>i<\/span>n f<\/span>u<\/span>n<\/span>ctio<\/span>n o<\/span>f th<\/span>e e<\/span>x<\/span>ter<\/span>na<\/span>l respir<\/span>atio<\/span>n org<\/span>a<\/span>n<\/span>s i<\/span>s th<\/span>e un<\/span>i<\/span>n<\/span>terr<\/span>u<\/span>pte<\/span>d s<\/span>u<\/span>ppl<\/span>y o<\/span>f o<\/span>x<\/span>y<\/span>g<\/span>e<\/span>n a<\/span>n<\/span>d re<\/span>mo<\/span>v<\/span>a<\/span>l o<\/span>f c<\/span>a<\/span>rbo<\/span>n d<\/span>i<\/span>o<\/span>xid<\/span>e (<\/span>th<\/span>e ma<\/span>i<\/span>n pro<\/span>d<\/span>u<\/span>c<\/span>t o<\/span>f m<\/span>et<\/span>a<\/span>b<\/span>o<\/span>lis<\/span>m i<\/span>n th<\/span>e huma<\/span>n bod<\/span>y<\/span>)<\/span>. Her<\/span>e th<\/span>e respirato<\/span>r<\/span>y p<\/span>a<\/span>r<\/span>t o<\/span>f th<\/span>e l<\/span>u<\/span>n<\/span>g (<\/span>al<\/span>v<\/span>eol<\/span>i<\/span>) \u201ci<\/span>s r<\/span>e<\/span>sponsibl<\/span>e fo<\/span>r<\/span>\u201d O<\/span>2 d<\/span>iffusio<\/span>n fro<\/span>m th<\/span>e a<\/span>i<\/span>r i<\/span>n<\/span>t<\/span>o th<\/span>e bloo<\/span>d o<\/span>f th<\/span>e p<\/span>u<\/span>l<\/span>m<\/span>o<\/span>na<\/span>r<\/span>y circ<\/span>u<\/span>i<\/span>t v<\/span>essel<\/span>s a<\/span>n<\/span>d bac<\/span>k fro<\/span>m ther<\/span>e (<\/span>C<\/span>O<\/span>2<\/span>)<\/span>, wh<\/span>il<\/span>e th<\/span>e u<\/span>ppe<\/span>r a<\/span>i<\/span>r<\/span>wa<\/span>y<\/span>s (<\/span>bronc<\/span>h<\/span>i a<\/span>n<\/span>d bro<\/span>nc<\/span>h<\/span>iole<\/span>s<\/span>) \u2014 fo<\/span>r bringin<\/span>g th<\/span>e a<\/span>i<\/span>r t<\/span>o th<\/span>e a<\/span>l<\/span>v<\/span>eol<\/span>a<\/span>r p<\/span>a<\/span>r<\/span>t<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Th<\/span>e bod<\/span>y<\/span>\u2019<\/span>s need<\/span>s fo<\/span>r o<\/span>x<\/span>y<\/span>g<\/span>e<\/span>n a<\/span>bsor<\/span>ptio<\/span>n a<\/span>n<\/span>d c<\/span>a<\/span>rbo<\/span>n d<\/span>i<\/span>o<\/span>xid<\/span>e eli<\/span>m<\/span>i<\/span>n<\/span>atio<\/span>n d<\/span>i<\/span>re<\/span>c<\/span>tl<\/span>y depen<\/span>d u<\/span>po<\/span>n th<\/span>e rat<\/span>e o<\/span>f m<\/span>et<\/span>a<\/span>boli<\/span>c processe<\/span>s t<\/span>h<\/span>a<\/span>t i<\/span>n th<\/span>e<\/span>i<\/span>r t<\/span>u<\/span>r<\/span>n a<\/span>r<\/span>e dete<\/span>r<\/span>m<\/span>ine<\/span>d b<\/span>y spec<\/span>ifi<\/span>c f<\/span>e<\/span>at<\/span>u<\/span>re<\/span>s o<\/span>f one<\/span>\u2019<\/span>s pe<\/span>rso<\/span>na<\/span>l lif<\/span>e (<\/span>th<\/span>e situ<\/span>ation<\/span>s on<\/span>e i<\/span>s i<\/span>nv<\/span>ol<\/span>v<\/span>e<\/span>d i<\/span>n<\/span>, th<\/span>e e<\/span>m<\/span>otio<\/span>na<\/span>l states<\/span>, th<\/span>e e<\/span>x<\/span>ter<\/span>na<\/span>l we<\/span>athe<\/span>r con<\/span>d<\/span>ition<\/span>s a<\/span>n<\/span>d s<\/span>o o<\/span>n<\/span>)<\/span>.<\/p>\n

An<\/span>d i<\/span>t t<\/span>u<\/span>rn<\/span>s ou<\/span>t t<\/span>h<\/span>a<\/span>t sinc<\/span>e situ<\/span>atio<\/span>n<\/span>s a<\/span>r<\/span>e const<\/span>an<\/span>tl<\/span>y c<\/span>ha<\/span>nging<\/span>, one<\/span>\u2019<\/span>s pe<\/span>rso<\/span>n<\/span>a<\/span>l br<\/span>e<\/span>at<\/span>h<\/span>in<\/span>g p<\/span>att<\/span>er<\/span>n (<\/span>th<\/span>e respir<\/span>atio<\/span>n dept<\/span>h<\/span>, i<\/span>ts fre<\/span>q<\/span>uen<\/span>c<\/span>y a<\/span>n<\/span>d r<\/span>h<\/span>y<\/span>t<\/span>h<\/span>m<\/span>) c<\/span>ha<\/span>n<\/span>g<\/span>e<\/span>s per<\/span>ma<\/span>ne<\/span>n<\/span>tl<\/span>y a<\/span>s w<\/span>ell<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Al<\/span>l an<\/span>ato<\/span>m<\/span>i<\/span>c stru<\/span>c<\/span>t<\/span>u<\/span>re<\/span>s t<\/span>h<\/span>a<\/span>t for<\/span>m th<\/span>e a<\/span>pp<\/span>a<\/span>ratu<\/span>s o<\/span>f e<\/span>x<\/span>ter<\/span>na<\/span>l br<\/span>e<\/span>at<\/span>h<\/span>in<\/span>g m<\/span>us<\/span>t hav<\/span>e so<\/span>m<\/span>e ce<\/span>r<\/span>t<\/span>a<\/span>i<\/span>n degre<\/span>e o<\/span>f l<\/span>a<\/span>bili<\/span>t<\/span>y t<\/span>o e<\/span>na<\/span>bl<\/span>e tim<\/span>el<\/span>y a<\/span>d<\/span>just<\/span>m<\/span>e<\/span>n<\/span>t o<\/span>f org<\/span>an<\/span>is<\/span>m<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Wh<\/span>a<\/span>t i<\/span>s i<\/span>t t<\/span>h<\/span>a<\/span>t ens<\/span>u<\/span>re<\/span>s l<\/span>a<\/span>bili<\/span>t<\/span>y i<\/span>n th<\/span>e scop<\/span>e o<\/span>f const<\/span>an<\/span>tl<\/span>y c<\/span>ha<\/span>ngin<\/span>g con<\/span>d<\/span>i<\/span>tio<\/span>n<\/span>s o<\/span>f e<\/span>x<\/span>ter<\/span>na<\/span>l br<\/span>e<\/span>at<\/span>h<\/span>in<\/span>g \u2014 w<\/span>he<\/span>n on<\/span>e ma<\/span>y qu<\/span>ic<\/span>k<\/span>e<\/span>n i<\/span>t o<\/span>r sl<\/span>o<\/span>w i<\/span>t d<\/span>own<\/span>, t<\/span>h<\/span>u<\/span>s for<\/span>m<\/span>in<\/span>g th<\/span>e con<\/span>d<\/span>ition<\/span>s fo<\/span>r g<\/span>a<\/span>s flo<\/span>w t<\/span>h<\/span>a<\/span>t fro<\/span>m th<\/span>e poi<\/span>n<\/span>t o<\/span>f p<\/span>h<\/span>ysi<\/span>cs ar<\/span>e tot<\/span>a<\/span>ll<\/span>y d<\/span>iffere<\/span>n<\/span>t fro<\/span>m on<\/span>e a<\/span>nothe<\/span>r<\/span>?<\/p>\n

Fi<\/span>rs<\/span>t o<\/span>f a<\/span>l<\/span>l, i<\/span>t i<\/span>s th<\/span>e el<\/span>a<\/span>stici<\/span>t<\/span>y o<\/span>f th<\/span>e bronc<\/span>h<\/span>i<\/span>a<\/span>l tre<\/span>e t<\/span>h<\/span>a<\/span>t i<\/span>s gro<\/span>u<\/span>nde<\/span>d o<\/span>n th<\/span>e co<\/span>n<\/span>ne<\/span>cti<\/span>v<\/span>e tis<\/span>su<\/span>e<\/span>. T<\/span>h<\/span>i<\/span>s par<\/span>am<\/span>ete<\/span>r ma<\/span>k<\/span>e<\/span>s i<\/span>t possibl<\/span>e fo<\/span>r bronc<\/span>h<\/span>i a<\/span>n<\/span>d a<\/span>l<\/span>v<\/span>eol<\/span>i t<\/span>o exp<\/span>a<\/span>n<\/span>d w<\/span>ithou<\/span>t resi<\/span>du<\/span>a<\/span>l defor<\/span>m<\/span>ations<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Fu<\/span>r<\/span>ther<\/span>m<\/span>or<\/span>e<\/span>, i<\/span>t i<\/span>s th<\/span>e co<\/span>n<\/span>tra<\/span>ctili<\/span>t<\/span>y o<\/span>f th<\/span>e bronc<\/span>h<\/span>i<\/span>a<\/span>l tre<\/span>e s<\/span>m<\/span>oot<\/span>h m<\/span>uscles<\/span>.<\/p>\n

I<\/span>f th<\/span>e el<\/span>a<\/span>sti<\/span>c fr<\/span>am<\/span>e a<\/span>ll<\/span>ow<\/span>s th<\/span>e stretc<\/span>h o<\/span>f th<\/span>e bronc<\/span>h<\/span>i t<\/span>h<\/span>u<\/span>s c<\/span>ha<\/span>ngin<\/span>g th<\/span>e<\/span>i<\/span>r len<\/span>g<\/span>t<\/span>h a<\/span>n<\/span>d w<\/span>idt<\/span>h<\/span>, th<\/span>e s<\/span>m<\/span>oot<\/span>h m<\/span>uscle<\/span>s a<\/span>s i<\/span>f s<\/span>u<\/span>ppo<\/span>r<\/span>t a<\/span>n<\/span>d a<\/span>d<\/span>jus<\/span>t t<\/span>h<\/span>i<\/span>s f<\/span>u<\/span>n<\/span>ction<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Fo<\/span>r inst<\/span>a<\/span>nc<\/span>e<\/span>, d<\/span>u<\/span>e t<\/span>o co<\/span>n<\/span>tra<\/span>cti<\/span>v<\/span>e forc<\/span>e o<\/span>f th<\/span>e respirato<\/span>r<\/span>y m<\/span>uscle<\/span>s th<\/span>e ri<\/span>b ca<\/span>g<\/span>e e<\/span>x<\/span>tend<\/span>s b<\/span>y i<\/span>nha<\/span>l<\/span>atio<\/span>n a<\/span>n<\/span>d th<\/span>e l<\/span>u<\/span>ng<\/span>s attache<\/span>d t<\/span>o i<\/span>t s<\/span>ha<\/span>l<\/span>l t<\/span>h<\/span>u<\/span>s stretch<\/span>. Th<\/span>e expirato<\/span>r<\/span>y l<\/span>u<\/span>ng<\/span>s s<\/span>ha<\/span>l<\/span>l d<\/span>eflat<\/span>e ma<\/span>i<\/span>n<\/span>l<\/span>y d<\/span>u<\/span>e t<\/span>o th<\/span>e el<\/span>a<\/span>sti<\/span>c ret<\/span>a<\/span>ine<\/span>r \u2014 th<\/span>e forc<\/span>e t<\/span>h<\/span>a<\/span>t tend<\/span>s t<\/span>o n<\/span>e<\/span>utr<\/span>a<\/span>l<\/span>iz<\/span>e th<\/span>e el<\/span>a<\/span>sti<\/span>c stress<\/span>, th<\/span>e defor<\/span>m<\/span>atio<\/span>n t<\/span>h<\/span>a<\/span>t ha<\/span>s occ<\/span>u<\/span>rred<\/span>.<\/p>\n

A<\/span>t th<\/span>e s<\/span>am<\/span>e tim<\/span>e th<\/span>e l<\/span>a<\/span>r<\/span>g<\/span>e<\/span>r th<\/span>e v<\/span>ol<\/span>um<\/span>e i<\/span>nha<\/span>le<\/span>d a<\/span>n<\/span>d ex<\/span>ha<\/span>le<\/span>d b<\/span>y a pe<\/span>rso<\/span>n is<\/span>, th<\/span>e m<\/span>or<\/span>e i<\/span>n<\/span>tensi<\/span>v<\/span>e s<\/span>ha<\/span>l<\/span>l th<\/span>e el<\/span>a<\/span>sti<\/span>c fr<\/span>amew<\/span>or<\/span>k o<\/span>f th<\/span>e l<\/span>u<\/span>n<\/span>g b<\/span>e enga<\/span>g<\/span>ed<\/span>. An<\/span>d i<\/span>n thes<\/span>e circ<\/span>um<\/span>st<\/span>a<\/span>nce<\/span>s th<\/span>e l<\/span>a<\/span>r<\/span>g<\/span>e bronc<\/span>h<\/span>i s<\/span>ha<\/span>l<\/span>l g<\/span>enerat<\/span>e v<\/span>a<\/span>ri<\/span>ation<\/span>s o<\/span>f th<\/span>e respir<\/span>a<\/span>tio<\/span>n l<\/span>um<\/span>e<\/span>n t<\/span>h<\/span>a<\/span>t i<\/span>s p<\/span>a<\/span>rti<\/span>a<\/span>ll<\/span>y ens<\/span>u<\/span>re<\/span>d b<\/span>y th<\/span>e m<\/span>uscle<\/span>s locate<\/span>d w<\/span>it<\/span>h<\/span>i<\/span>n th<\/span>e<\/span>i<\/span>r wa<\/span>lls<\/span>.<\/p>\n

I<\/span>n m<\/span>y opi<\/span>n<\/span>io<\/span>n \u2014 t<\/span>h<\/span>a<\/span>t I propos<\/span>e t<\/span>o ta<\/span>k<\/span>e a<\/span>s a h<\/span>ypothesi<\/span>s \u2014 th<\/span>e s<\/span>m<\/span>oot<\/span>h m<\/span>uscle<\/span>s o<\/span>f bronc<\/span>h<\/span>i an<\/span>d bronc<\/span>h<\/span>iole<\/span>s m<\/span>us<\/span>h ens<\/span>u<\/span>r<\/span>e const<\/span>an<\/span>t m<\/span>icr<\/span>o<\/span>-vibr<\/span>atio<\/span>na<\/span>l m<\/span>otio<\/span>n<\/span>s o<\/span>f bronc<\/span>h<\/span>i<\/span>a<\/span>l t<\/span>u<\/span>be<\/span>s pr<\/span>o<\/span>vi<\/span>d<\/span>in<\/span>g th<\/span>e necess<\/span>a<\/span>r<\/span>y loosenes<\/span>s fo<\/span>r ad<\/span>a<\/span>ptin<\/span>g t<\/span>o c<\/span>h<\/span>an<\/span>g<\/span>e<\/span>s i<\/span>n aerody<\/span>nam<\/span>i<\/span>c con<\/span>d<\/span>itions<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Fo<\/span>r i<\/span>n<\/span>st<\/span>an<\/span>c<\/span>e<\/span>, su<\/span>c<\/span>h vi<\/span>b<\/span>r<\/span>ation<\/span>s a<\/span>r<\/span>e cr<\/span>e<\/span>ate<\/span>d b<\/span>y th<\/span>e ve<\/span>ss<\/span>e<\/span>l<\/span>s o<\/span>f th<\/span>e hu<\/span>m<\/span>a<\/span>n bod<\/span>y m<\/span>icr<\/span>o<\/span>v<\/span>a<\/span>sc<\/span>u<\/span>l<\/span>a<\/span>t<\/span>u<\/span>r<\/span>e<\/span>, an<\/span>d the<\/span>i<\/span>r p<\/span>r<\/span>e<\/span>s<\/span>en<\/span>c<\/span>e c<\/span>o<\/span>m<\/span>e<\/span>s a<\/span>s a cri<\/span>te<\/span>ri<\/span>o<\/span>n o<\/span>f v<\/span>a<\/span>sc<\/span>u<\/span>l<\/span>a<\/span>r h<\/span>e<\/span>a<\/span>l<\/span>th<\/span>.<\/p>\n

I<\/span>n th<\/span>e e<\/span>v<\/span>e<\/span>n<\/span>t o<\/span>f l<\/span>u<\/span>ng<\/span>s d<\/span>is<\/span>ea<\/span>s<\/span>e th<\/span>e s<\/span>m<\/span>oot<\/span>h m<\/span>uscle<\/span>s c<\/span>ha<\/span>n<\/span>g<\/span>e th<\/span>e<\/span>i<\/span>r ton<\/span>e<\/span>. App<\/span>a<\/span>r<\/span>e<\/span>n<\/span>tl<\/span>y i<\/span>t beco<\/span>m<\/span>e<\/span>s les<\/span>s l<\/span>a<\/span>bil<\/span>e<\/span>. Fo<\/span>r inst<\/span>a<\/span>nc<\/span>e<\/span>, i<\/span>n c<\/span>a<\/span>s<\/span>e o<\/span>f bronc<\/span>h<\/span>i<\/span>a<\/span>l a<\/span>st<\/span>hm<\/span>a th<\/span>e ton<\/span>e s<\/span>ha<\/span>l<\/span>l b<\/span>e r<\/span>a<\/span>ise<\/span>d \u2014 ma<\/span>i<\/span>n<\/span>l<\/span>y b<\/span>y ex<\/span>ha<\/span>l<\/span>e<\/span>, t<\/span>h<\/span>u<\/span>s for<\/span>m<\/span>in<\/span>g th<\/span>e u<\/span>ns<\/span>ati<\/span>sfi<\/span>a<\/span>bl<\/span>e desir<\/span>e t<\/span>o ex<\/span>ha<\/span>l<\/span>e th<\/span>e a<\/span>i<\/span>r t<\/span>h<\/span>a<\/span>t acco<\/span>m<\/span>p<\/span>an<\/span>ie<\/span>s th<\/span>e a<\/span>st<\/span>hm<\/span>ati<\/span>c attack<\/span>. I<\/span>n m<\/span>e<\/span>d<\/span>icin<\/span>e i<\/span>t i<\/span>s referre<\/span>d t<\/span>o a<\/span>s expirato<\/span>r<\/span>y dyspn<\/span>e<\/span>a<\/span>.<\/p>\n

N<\/b><\/span>o<\/b><\/span>w<\/b>, le<\/b><\/span>t<\/b> u<\/b><\/span>s<\/b> loo<\/b><\/span>k<\/b> a<\/b><\/span>t<\/b> th<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> wa<\/b><\/span>y<\/b>\u00a0Bhastrik<\/b><\/span>a<\/b> a<\/b>ffe<\/b><\/span>c<\/b><\/span>ts<\/b> th<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> describe<\/b><\/span>d<\/b> processes<\/b><\/span>.<\/b><\/p>\n

W<\/span>he<\/span>n doin<\/span>g B<\/span>ha<\/span>strik<\/span>a<\/span>, w<\/span>e cr<\/span>e<\/span>at<\/span>e con<\/span>d<\/span>ition<\/span>s fo<\/span>r r<\/span>a<\/span>pi<\/span>d adv<\/span>a<\/span>nce<\/span>m<\/span>e<\/span>n<\/span>t o<\/span>f th<\/span>e a<\/span>i<\/span>r t<\/span>h<\/span>roug<\/span>h bronc<\/span>h<\/span>i<\/span>a<\/span>l syste<\/span>m<\/span>.<\/p>\n

I<\/span>n thes<\/span>e con<\/span>d<\/span>itions<\/span>, t<\/span>a<\/span>kin<\/span>g i<\/span>n<\/span>t<\/span>o acco<\/span>un<\/span>t th<\/span>e a<\/span>for<\/span>e<\/span>–m<\/span>e<\/span>ntione<\/span>d l<\/span>a<\/span>bili<\/span>t<\/span>y o<\/span>f bronc<\/span>h<\/span>i l<\/span>um<\/span>e<\/span>n a<\/span>n<\/span>d th<\/span>e<\/span>i<\/span>r mu<\/span>ltipl<\/span>e br<\/span>a<\/span>nc<\/span>h<\/span>ing<\/span>, th<\/span>e a<\/span>i<\/span>r flo<\/span>w s<\/span>ha<\/span>l<\/span>l b<\/span>e c<\/span>ha<\/span>ngin<\/span>g fro<\/span>m th<\/span>e l<\/span>am<\/span>i<\/span>na<\/span>r (<\/span>qu<\/span>it<\/span>e<\/span>) m<\/span>od<\/span>e t<\/span>o th<\/span>e t<\/span>u<\/span>rb<\/span>u<\/span>le<\/span>n<\/span>t (<\/span>i<\/span>.e<\/span>. w<\/span>it<\/span>h num<\/span>erou<\/span>s a<\/span>i<\/span>r s<\/span>w<\/span>irl<\/span>s<\/span>) on<\/span>e t<\/span>h<\/span>a<\/span>t w<\/span>il<\/span>l co<\/span>m<\/span>plicat<\/span>e th<\/span>e a<\/span>i<\/span>r con<\/span>d<\/span>u<\/span>c<\/span>t a<\/span>n<\/span>d w<\/span>il<\/span>l c<\/span>a<\/span>us<\/span>e incr<\/span>ea<\/span>se<\/span>d (<\/span>tr<\/span>aum<\/span>ati<\/span>c<\/span>) loa<\/span>d o<\/span>n th<\/span>e bronc<\/span>h<\/span>i m<\/span>ucou<\/span>s m<\/span>e<\/span>m<\/span>br<\/span>a<\/span>n<\/span>e<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Thes<\/span>e a<\/span>r<\/span>e s<\/span>m<\/span>oot<\/span>h m<\/span>uscle<\/span>s t<\/span>h<\/span>a<\/span>t c<\/span>a<\/span>n hel<\/span>p g<\/span>enerat<\/span>e th<\/span>e l<\/span>am<\/span>i<\/span>na<\/span>r flo<\/span>w w<\/span>he<\/span>n a<\/span>t h<\/span>ig<\/span>h spee<\/span>d \u2014 ha<\/span>vin<\/span>g co<\/span>n<\/span>tra<\/span>c<\/span>te<\/span>d<\/span>, th<\/span>e<\/span>y w<\/span>il<\/span>l ens<\/span>u<\/span>r<\/span>e b<\/span>ett<\/span>e<\/span>r st<\/span>a<\/span>bili<\/span>t<\/span>y o<\/span>f th<\/span>e t<\/span>u<\/span>bes<\/span>.<\/p>\n

T<\/span>h<\/span>u<\/span>s, w<\/span>e c<\/span>a<\/span>n su<\/span>g<\/span>g<\/span>es<\/span>t t<\/span>h<\/span>a<\/span>t B<\/span>ha<\/span>strik<\/span>a est<\/span>a<\/span>blishe<\/span>s con<\/span>d<\/span>ition<\/span>s fo<\/span>r st<\/span>a<\/span>bil<\/span>i<\/span>z<\/span>atio<\/span>n o<\/span>f th<\/span>e bronc<\/span>h<\/span>i<\/span>a<\/span>l m<\/span>uscle<\/span>s ton<\/span>e<\/span>, a<\/span>n<\/span>d i<\/span>n th<\/span>e ev<\/span>e<\/span>n<\/span>t o<\/span>f reg<\/span>u<\/span>l<\/span>a<\/span>r pe<\/span>r<\/span>for<\/span>ma<\/span>nc<\/span>e i<\/span>t tr<\/span>a<\/span>in<\/span>s th<\/span>e a<\/span>g<\/span>gregat<\/span>e o<\/span>f th<\/span>e bronc<\/span>h<\/span>i<\/span>a<\/span>l m<\/span>uscles<\/span>.<\/p>\n

I w<\/span>o<\/span>u<\/span>l<\/span>d li<\/span>k<\/span>e t<\/span>o d<\/span>r<\/span>a<\/span>w a<\/span>n ex<\/span>am<\/span>pl<\/span>e i<\/span>n s<\/span>u<\/span>ppo<\/span>r<\/span>t o<\/span>f th<\/span>e h<\/span>ypothesi<\/span>s adv<\/span>a<\/span>nced<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Ther<\/span>e i<\/span>s a c<\/span>a<\/span>s<\/span>e describe<\/span>d i<\/span>n m<\/span>e<\/span>d<\/span>icin<\/span>e<\/span>: a p<\/span>atie<\/span>n<\/span>t w<\/span>it<\/span>h se<\/span>v<\/span>er<\/span>e bronchosp<\/span>a<\/span>s<\/span>m co<\/span>n<\/span>ne<\/span>c<\/span>te<\/span>d t<\/span>o th<\/span>e l<\/span>u<\/span>n<\/span>g m<\/span>oto<\/span>r wa<\/span>s repo<\/span>rtin<\/span>g sho<\/span>r<\/span>tnes<\/span>s o<\/span>f br<\/span>e<\/span>at<\/span>h a<\/span>n<\/span>d s<\/span>w<\/span>ellin<\/span>g<\/p>\n

o<\/span>f th<\/span>e ches<\/span>t<\/span>; th<\/span>e sy<\/span>m<\/span>pto<\/span>m<\/span>s d<\/span>is<\/span>a<\/span>pp<\/span>ea<\/span>re<\/span>d aft<\/span>e<\/span>r re<\/span>d<\/span>u<\/span>ctio<\/span>n o<\/span>f R<\/span>V a<\/span>n<\/span>d r<\/span>h<\/span>y<\/span>t<\/span>h<\/span>m ac<\/span>– celer<\/span>atio<\/span>n (<\/span>Ca<\/span>ssil<\/span>, 19<\/span>68<\/span>)<\/span>. I<\/span>n fa<\/span>c<\/span>t<\/span>, wh<\/span>il<\/span>e doin<\/span>g B<\/span>ha<\/span>strik<\/span>a w<\/span>e a<\/span>ls<\/span>o accelerat<\/span>e th<\/span>e r<\/span>h<\/span>y<\/span>t<\/span>h<\/span>m a<\/span>n<\/span>d w<\/span>e br<\/span>e<\/span>ath<\/span>e th<\/span>e R<\/span>V (<\/span>respirato<\/span>r<\/span>y v<\/span>ol<\/span>um<\/span>e<\/span>) t<\/span>h<\/span>a<\/span>t i<\/span>s a<\/span>c<\/span>tu<\/span>a<\/span>ll<\/span>y re<\/span>d<\/span>uce<\/span>d i<\/span>f co<\/span>m<\/span>p<\/span>a<\/span>re<\/span>d t<\/span>o th<\/span>e ha<\/span>bitu<\/span>a<\/span>l on<\/span>e<\/span>.<\/p>\n

2.<\/b> Th<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> increas<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> o<\/b><\/span>f<\/b> al<\/b><\/span>v<\/b><\/span>eola<\/b><\/span>r<\/b> v<\/b><\/span>e<\/b><\/span>n<\/b>til<\/b><\/span>a<\/b>tio<\/b><\/span>n<\/b> du<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> t<\/b><\/span>o<\/b> increase<\/b><\/span>d<\/b> percenta<\/b><\/span>g<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> o<\/b><\/span>f<\/b> i<\/b><\/span>n<\/b><\/span>hal<\/b><\/span>a<\/b>tio<\/b><\/span>n<\/b> i<\/b><\/span>n<\/b> th<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> cou<\/b><\/span>r<\/b>s<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> o<\/b><\/span>f<\/b> respirato<\/b><\/span>r<\/b><\/span>y<\/b> c<\/b><\/span>ycle<\/b><\/span>.<\/b><\/p>\n

3<\/b><\/span>.<\/b> Th<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> pe<\/b><\/span>r<\/b><\/span>for<\/b><\/span>m<\/b><\/span>anc<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> o<\/b><\/span>f<\/b> Bhastrik<\/b><\/span>a<\/b> ca<\/b><\/span>n<\/b> eli<\/b><\/span>m<\/b><\/span>inat<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> th<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> lung<\/b><\/span>s\u2019<\/b> \u201c<\/b><\/span>ga<\/b><\/span>s<\/b> trap<\/b><\/span>s<\/b>\u201d<\/b><\/span>.<\/b><\/p>\n

Th<\/span>e g<\/span>a<\/span>s tr<\/span>a<\/span>p<\/span>s a<\/span>r<\/span>e th<\/span>e z<\/span>one<\/span>s<\/span>\/<\/span>a<\/span>l<\/span>v<\/span>eol<\/span>i i<\/span>n wh<\/span>ic<\/span>h th<\/span>e a<\/span>i<\/span>r i<\/span>s s<\/span>ea<\/span>le<\/span>d b<\/span>y ex<\/span>ha<\/span>l<\/span>ation<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Th<\/span>e m<\/span>att<\/span>e<\/span>r i<\/span>s t<\/span>h<\/span>a<\/span>t th<\/span>e press<\/span>u<\/span>r<\/span>e c<\/span>a<\/span>use<\/span>d o<\/span>n a<\/span>l<\/span>v<\/span>eol<\/span>i fro<\/span>m th<\/span>e p<\/span>a<\/span>r<\/span>t o<\/span>f th<\/span>e s<\/span>h<\/span>ri<\/span>n<\/span>kin<\/span>g ches<\/span>t a<\/span>t so<\/span>m<\/span>e poi<\/span>n<\/span>t beco<\/span>m<\/span>e<\/span>s h<\/span>ighe<\/span>r t<\/span>ha<\/span>n th<\/span>e press<\/span>u<\/span>r<\/span>e w<\/span>it<\/span>h<\/span>i<\/span>n the<\/span>m<\/span>.<\/p>\n

T<\/span>h<\/span>i<\/span>s i<\/span>s th<\/span>e pheno<\/span>m<\/span>eno<\/span>n t<\/span>h<\/span>a<\/span>t a<\/span>l<\/span>m<\/span>os<\/span>t e<\/span>v<\/span>e<\/span>r<\/span>y<\/span>on<\/span>e i<\/span>s s<\/span>ub<\/span>je<\/span>c<\/span>te<\/span>d t<\/span>o<\/span>. Th<\/span>e perce<\/span>n<\/span>t<\/span>a<\/span>g<\/span>e o<\/span>f thes<\/span>e trap<\/span>s i<\/span>n y<\/span>o<\/span>u<\/span>n<\/span>g a<\/span>n<\/span>d h<\/span>ea<\/span>lt<\/span>h<\/span>y peopl<\/span>e ma<\/span>k<\/span>e<\/span>s u<\/span>p 1<\/span>5<\/span>% o<\/span>f th<\/span>e V<\/span>L<\/span>C (<\/span>vit<\/span>a<\/span>l l<\/span>u<\/span>n<\/span>g c<\/span>a<\/span>paci<\/span>t<\/span>y)<\/span>; i<\/span>n t<\/span>h<\/span>i<\/span>s c<\/span>a<\/span>s<\/span>e suc<\/span>h occ<\/span>u<\/span>rrenc<\/span>e i<\/span>s no<\/span>t ha<\/span>r<\/span>m<\/span>f<\/span>u<\/span>l<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Bu<\/span>t i<\/span>n c<\/span>a<\/span>s<\/span>e o<\/span>f re<\/span>d<\/span>u<\/span>ctio<\/span>n o<\/span>f th<\/span>e p<\/span>u<\/span>l<\/span>m<\/span>o<\/span>na<\/span>r<\/span>y a<\/span>pp<\/span>a<\/span>ratu<\/span>s el<\/span>a<\/span>stici<\/span>t<\/span>y (<\/span>d<\/span>u<\/span>e t<\/span>o a<\/span>g<\/span>e<\/span>, fre<\/span>q<\/span>ue<\/span>n<\/span>t i<\/span>nfla<\/span>mm<\/span>ato<\/span>r<\/span>y d<\/span>is<\/span>ea<\/span>ses<\/span>, p<\/span>u<\/span>l<\/span>m<\/span>o<\/span>na<\/span>r<\/span>y e<\/span>m<\/span>p<\/span>h<\/span>yse<\/span>m<\/span>a<\/span>)<\/span>, w<\/span>he<\/span>n th<\/span>e wa<\/span>l<\/span>l o<\/span>f th<\/span>e bronc<\/span>h<\/span>i i<\/span>s no<\/span>t a<\/span>bl<\/span>e t<\/span>o w<\/span>ithst<\/span>a<\/span>n<\/span>d th<\/span>e loa<\/span>d fro<\/span>m th<\/span>e ou<\/span>tsid<\/span>e<\/span>, th<\/span>e num<\/span>be<\/span>r o<\/span>f suc<\/span>h \u201c<\/span>tr<\/span>a<\/span>ps<\/span>\u201d incr<\/span>ea<\/span>ses<\/span>. I<\/span>n t<\/span>h<\/span>i<\/span>s e<\/span>v<\/span>e<\/span>n<\/span>t th<\/span>e a<\/span>i<\/span>r b<\/span>y ex<\/span>ha<\/span>l<\/span>atio<\/span>n doe<\/span>s no<\/span>t co<\/span>m<\/span>e ou<\/span>t fro<\/span>m th<\/span>e l<\/span>u<\/span>ng<\/span>s a<\/span>t f<\/span>u<\/span>l<\/span>l<\/span>; henc<\/span>e th<\/span>e s<\/span>u<\/span>bse<\/span>q<\/span>ue<\/span>n<\/span>t i<\/span>nha<\/span>l<\/span>atio<\/span>n c<\/span>an<\/span>no<\/span>t pr<\/span>o<\/span>vid<\/span>e th<\/span>e org<\/span>an<\/span>is<\/span>m w<\/span>it<\/span>h th<\/span>e re<\/span>qu<\/span>ire<\/span>d v<\/span>ol<\/span>um<\/span>e o<\/span>f a<\/span>i<\/span>r<\/span>. Th<\/span>e \u201c<\/span>d<\/span>e<\/span>a<\/span>d<\/span>\u201d spac<\/span>e i<\/span>s t<\/span>h<\/span>u<\/span>s for<\/span>m<\/span>e<\/span>d a<\/span>n<\/span>d th<\/span>e l<\/span>u<\/span>ng<\/span>s c<\/span>ea<\/span>s<\/span>e t<\/span>o ma<\/span>i<\/span>n<\/span>t<\/span>a<\/span>i<\/span>n th<\/span>e<\/span>i<\/span>r b<\/span>a<\/span>si<\/span>c f<\/span>u<\/span>n<\/span>ctio<\/span>n \u2014 th<\/span>e v<\/span>e<\/span>ntilato<\/span>r<\/span>y on<\/span>e<\/span>.<\/p>\n

I<\/span>n th<\/span>e proces<\/span>s o<\/span>f B<\/span>ha<\/span>strik<\/span>a th<\/span>e a<\/span>i<\/span>rstr<\/span>ea<\/span>m t<\/span>h<\/span>a<\/span>t pe<\/span>r<\/span>for<\/span>m<\/span>s h<\/span>ig<\/span>h-spee<\/span>d oscill<\/span>a<\/span>tio<\/span>n m<\/span>otion<\/span>s i<\/span>n th<\/span>e bronc<\/span>h<\/span>i<\/span>a<\/span>l tre<\/span>e for<\/span>m<\/span>s th<\/span>e incr<\/span>ea<\/span>se<\/span>d i<\/span>n<\/span>tr<\/span>a<\/span>bronc<\/span>h<\/span>i<\/span>a<\/span>l press<\/span>u<\/span>r<\/span>e<\/span>. T<\/span>h<\/span>i<\/span>s pr<\/span>o<\/span>vide<\/span>s facil<\/span>itie<\/span>s t<\/span>h<\/span>a<\/span>t re<\/span>d<\/span>uc<\/span>e th<\/span>e possibili<\/span>t<\/span>y o<\/span>f th<\/span>e \u201c<\/span>g<\/span>a<\/span>s tr<\/span>a<\/span>ps<\/span>\u201d for<\/span>m<\/span>atio<\/span>n1<\/span>.<\/p>\n

4<\/b><\/span>.<\/b> Bhastrik<\/b><\/span>a<\/b> nor<\/b><\/span>m<\/b><\/span>ali<\/b><\/span>z<\/b><\/span>e<\/b><\/span>s<\/b> th<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> bronchia<\/b><\/span>l<\/b> tre<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> w<\/b><\/span>al<\/b><\/span>l<\/b> bloo<\/b><\/span>d <\/b>an<\/b><\/span>d<\/b> ly<\/b><\/span>m<\/b><\/span>p<\/b><\/span>h <\/b>fl<\/b><\/span>o<\/b><\/span>w<\/b><\/span>.<\/b><\/p>\n

Th<\/span>e h<\/span>ig<\/span>h-press<\/span>u<\/span>re<\/span>d p<\/span>a<\/span>ssa<\/span>g<\/span>e o<\/span>f th<\/span>e a<\/span>i<\/span>rstr<\/span>ea<\/span>m sti<\/span>mu<\/span>late<\/span>s loc<\/span>a<\/span>l blood <\/span>fl<\/span>o<\/span>w a<\/span>n<\/span>d ly<\/span>m<\/span>p<\/span>h circ<\/span>u<\/span>l<\/span>atio<\/span>n i<\/span>n th<\/span>e bronc<\/span>h<\/span>i<\/span>a<\/span>l tre<\/span>e wa<\/span>lls<\/span>. T<\/span>h<\/span>i<\/span>s co<\/span>m<\/span>e<\/span>s a<\/span>s a sti<\/span>mu<\/span>l<\/span>atin<\/span>g fa<\/span>c<\/span>to<\/span>r fo<\/span>r th<\/span>e loc<\/span>a<\/span>l i<\/span>mmun<\/span>i<\/span>t<\/span>y a<\/span>n<\/span>d a<\/span>s pr<\/span>ev<\/span>e<\/span>ntio<\/span>n o<\/span>f i<\/span>n<\/span>fe<\/span>ctiou<\/span>s d<\/span>is<\/span>ea<\/span>ses<\/span>.<\/p>\n

5<\/b><\/span>.<\/b> Th<\/span>e d<\/span>i<\/span>a<\/span>p<\/span>h<\/span>rag<\/span>m i<\/span>s a \u201c<\/span>sho<\/span>r<\/span>t l<\/span>ea<\/span>sh<\/span>\u201d t<\/span>o for<\/span>m<\/span>atio<\/span>n o<\/span>f th<\/span>e respirato<\/span>r<\/span>y r<\/span>h<\/span>y<\/span>t<\/span>h<\/span>m<\/span>: th<\/span>e d<\/span>i<\/span>a<\/span>p<\/span>h<\/span>rag<\/span>m<\/span>ati<\/span>c m<\/span>oto<\/span>r n<\/span>eu<\/span>ron<\/span>s ar<\/span>e d<\/span>ire<\/span>c<\/span>tl<\/span>y relate<\/span>d t<\/span>o th<\/span>e respirato<\/span>r<\/span>y r<\/span>h<\/span>y<\/span>t<\/span>h<\/span>m g<\/span>ener<\/span>atio<\/span>n z<\/span>on<\/span>e locate<\/span>d i<\/span>n th<\/span>e br<\/span>a<\/span>in<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Therefor<\/span>e<\/span>, i<\/b><\/span>n<\/b> term<\/b><\/span>s<\/b> o<\/b><\/span>f<\/b> su<\/b><\/span>b<\/b><\/span>je<\/b><\/span>c<\/b>tin<\/b><\/span>g<\/b> th<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> diaphrag<\/b><\/span>m<\/b> t<\/b><\/span>o<\/b> r<\/b><\/span>h<\/b><\/span>y<\/b><\/span>th<\/b><\/span>m<\/b><\/span>i<\/b><\/span>c<\/b> loa<\/b><\/span>d<\/b> w<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> ca<\/b><\/span>n<\/b> assu<\/b><\/span>m<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> trainin<\/b><\/span>g<\/b> i<\/b><\/span>m<\/b><\/span>pa<\/b><\/span>c<\/b><\/span>t<\/b> o<\/b><\/span>n<\/b> respirato<\/b><\/span>r<\/b><\/span>y<\/b> r<\/b><\/span>h<\/b><\/span>y<\/b><\/span>thm<\/b><\/span>–<\/b>s<\/b><\/span>e<\/b>tti<\/b><\/span>n<\/b><\/span>g<\/b> cente<\/b><\/span>rs<\/b> o<\/b><\/span>f<\/b> th<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> brain<\/b><\/span>.<\/b><\/p>\n

[1] In case of significant impairments of lung elasticity (emphysema and so on) Bhastrika is counter-indicative. In all other events of respiratory apparatus diseases the set of exercises must be drawn up by a competent Yoga-therapist.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

Part 3. Practical Recommendations<\/h4>\n
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I<\/span>n th<\/span>e previou<\/span>s se<\/span>ctio<\/span>n I w<\/span>rot<\/span>e t<\/span>h<\/span>a<\/span>t th<\/span>e facil<\/span>itie<\/span>s est<\/span>a<\/span>blishe<\/span>d wh<\/span>il<\/span>e doin<\/span>g B<\/span>ha<\/span>strik<\/span>a pre<\/b><\/span>v<\/b><\/span>en<\/b><\/span>t<\/b> for<\/b><\/span>m<\/b><\/span>a<\/b>tio<\/b><\/span>n<\/b> o<\/b><\/span>f<\/b> ga<\/b><\/span>s<\/b> trap<\/b><\/span>s<\/b> i<\/b><\/span>n<\/b> th<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> lungs<\/b><\/span>.<\/b><\/p>\n

I<\/span>t sho<\/span>u<\/span>l<\/span>d b<\/span>e note<\/span>d t<\/span>h<\/span>a<\/span>t i<\/b><\/span>t<\/b> shal<\/b><\/span>l<\/b> b<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> possibl<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> ON<\/b><\/span>L<\/b><\/span>Y<\/b> i<\/b><\/span>n<\/b> cas<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> o<\/b><\/span>f<\/b> corre<\/b><\/span>c<\/b><\/span>t<\/b> m<\/b><\/span>usc<\/b><\/span>u<\/b>la<\/b><\/span>r<\/b> e<\/b>ffo<\/b><\/span>rt<\/b><\/span>.<\/b><\/p>\n

Wh<\/span>a<\/span>t sho<\/span>u<\/span>l<\/span>d i<\/span>t b<\/span>e<\/span>?<\/p>\n

1<\/b><\/span>.<\/b> B<\/b><\/span>y<\/b> inhal<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> i<\/b><\/span>t<\/b> i<\/b><\/span>s<\/b> th<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> diaphrag<\/b><\/span>m<\/b> w<\/b><\/span>ithou<\/b><\/span>t<\/b> pa<\/b><\/span>r<\/b>ticip<\/b><\/span>a<\/b>tio<\/b><\/span>n<\/b> o<\/b><\/span>f<\/b> th<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> ches<\/b><\/span>t<\/b> m<\/b><\/span>uscle<\/b><\/span>s<\/b> tha<\/b><\/span>t<\/b> shoul<\/b><\/span>d<\/b> b<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> i<\/b><\/span>nv<\/b><\/span>ol<\/b><\/span>v<\/b><\/span>ed<\/b><\/span>.<\/b><\/p>\n

2.<\/b> Th<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> m<\/b><\/span>uscula<\/b><\/span>r<\/b> i<\/b><\/span>m<\/b><\/span>puls<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> shoul<\/b><\/span>d<\/b> in<\/b><\/span>i<\/b>tiat<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> th<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> exhal<\/b><\/span>a<\/b>tio<\/b><\/span>n<\/b><\/span>;<\/b> it<\/b><\/span>s<\/b> fu<\/b><\/span>r<\/b><\/span>the<\/b><\/span>r<\/b> pe<\/b><\/span>r<\/b><\/span>fo<\/b><\/span>r<\/b>m<\/b><\/span>anc<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> i<\/b><\/span>s<\/b> contraindicated<\/b><\/span>.<\/b><\/p>\n

Le<\/span>t u<\/span>s so<\/span>r<\/span>t ou<\/span>t th<\/span>e det<\/span>a<\/span>ils<\/span>.<\/p>\n

A<\/span>s w<\/span>e hav<\/span>e a<\/span>lr<\/span>e<\/span>ad<\/span>y s<\/span>a<\/span>i<\/span>d<\/span>, th<\/span>e inhal<\/b><\/span>a<\/b>tio<\/b><\/span>n<\/b> i<\/b><\/span>s<\/b> don<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> m<\/b><\/span>ainl<\/b><\/span>y<\/b> du<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> t<\/b><\/span>o<\/b> th<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> m<\/b><\/span>uscula<\/b><\/span>r<\/b> e<\/b>ffo<\/b><\/span>r<\/b><\/span>t<\/b> t<\/span>h<\/span>a<\/span>t ov<\/span>erco<\/span>m<\/span>e<\/span>s a serie<\/span>s o<\/span>f resist<\/span>a<\/span>nce<\/span>s fro<\/span>m th<\/span>e p<\/span>a<\/span>r<\/span>t o<\/span>f th<\/span>e l<\/span>u<\/span>ng<\/span>s<\/span>:<\/p>\n

\u2015 th<\/span>e el<\/span>a<\/span>sti<\/span>c resist<\/span>a<\/span>nc<\/span>e o<\/span>f th<\/span>e bronc<\/span>h<\/span>i<\/span>a<\/span>l tre<\/span>e t<\/span>h<\/span>a<\/span>t tend<\/span>s t<\/span>o co<\/span>n<\/span>tra<\/span>c<\/span>t<\/span>, k<\/span>ee<\/span>p<\/span>in<\/span>g i<\/span>ts origi<\/span>na<\/span>l s<\/span>ha<\/span>p<\/span>e (<\/span>t<\/span>h<\/span>i<\/span>s resist<\/span>a<\/span>nc<\/span>e i<\/span>s referre<\/span>d t<\/span>o a<\/span>s el<\/span>a<\/span>sti<\/span>c tra<\/span>ctio<\/span>n o<\/span>f l<\/span>u<\/span>ng<\/span>s<\/span>)<\/span>;<\/p>\n

\u2015 th<\/span>e resist<\/span>a<\/span>nc<\/span>e o<\/span>f th<\/span>e tr<\/span>a<\/span>nspo<\/span>r<\/span>te<\/span>d a<\/span>ir<\/span>;<\/p>\n

\u2015 th<\/span>e ine<\/span>rti<\/span>a<\/span>l resist<\/span>a<\/span>nc<\/span>e<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Y<\/b><\/span>e<\/b><\/span>t<\/b> th<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> exhal<\/b><\/span>a<\/b>tio<\/b><\/span>n<\/b> i<\/b><\/span>s<\/b> m<\/b><\/span>ainl<\/b><\/span>y<\/b> don<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> becaus<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> o<\/b><\/span>f<\/b> th<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> ela<\/b><\/span>s<\/b>ti<\/b><\/span>c<\/b> tra<\/b><\/span>c<\/b>tio<\/b><\/span>n<\/b> o<\/b><\/span>f<\/b> th<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> lung<\/b><\/span>s<\/b> \u2014 i<\/span>t p<\/span>u<\/span>ll<\/span>s u<\/span>p th<\/span>e bronc<\/span>h<\/span>i<\/span>a<\/span>l tre<\/span>e<\/span>, a<\/span>l<\/span>v<\/span>eol<\/span>i a<\/span>n<\/span>d respirato<\/span>r<\/span>y m<\/span>uscle<\/span>s [1]<\/span>.<\/p>\n

T<\/span>h<\/span>u<\/span>s, w<\/span>e us<\/span>e th<\/span>e a<\/span>ctivi<\/span>t<\/span>y o<\/span>f th<\/span>e expirato<\/span>r<\/span>y m<\/span>uscle<\/span>s a<\/span>t th<\/span>e v<\/span>e<\/span>r<\/span>y begi<\/span>nn<\/span>in<\/span>g o<\/span>f th<\/span>e ex<\/span>ha<\/span>l<\/span>ation<\/span>. W<\/span>e us<\/span>e th<\/span>e a<\/span>bdo<\/span>m<\/span>i<\/span>na<\/span>l m<\/span>uscle<\/span>s sinc<\/span>e th<\/span>e d<\/span>i<\/span>a<\/span>p<\/span>h<\/span>rag<\/span>m a<\/span>t t<\/span>h<\/span>i<\/span>s perio<\/span>d i<\/span>s no<\/span>t co<\/span>n<\/span>tra<\/span>c<\/span>te<\/span>d bu<\/span>t rela<\/span>x<\/span>e<\/span>d<\/span>, g<\/span>etti<\/span>n<\/span>g bac<\/span>k t<\/span>o i<\/span>ts origi<\/span>na<\/span>l pos<\/span>ition<\/span>.<\/p>\n

I<\/span>f w<\/span>e t<\/span>r<\/span>y t<\/span>o f<\/span>u<\/span>r<\/span>the<\/span>r pus<\/span>h ou<\/span>t th<\/span>e a<\/span>i<\/span>r fro<\/span>m th<\/span>e a<\/span>i<\/span>r<\/span>wa<\/span>y<\/span>s am<\/span>i<\/span>d a<\/span>n<\/span>d a<\/span>t th<\/span>e en<\/span>d o<\/span>f th<\/span>e ex<\/span>ha<\/span>l<\/span>atio<\/span>n c<\/span>y<\/span>cl<\/span>e<\/span>, th<\/span>e o<\/span>n<\/span>l<\/span>y t<\/span>h<\/span>in<\/span>g t<\/span>h<\/span>i<\/span>s w<\/span>il<\/span>l l<\/span>e<\/span>a<\/span>d t<\/span>o w<\/span>il<\/span>l b<\/span>e th<\/span>e for<\/span>m<\/span>atio<\/span>n o<\/span>f th<\/span>e g<\/span>a<\/span>s tr<\/span>a<\/span>p<\/span>s t<\/span>h<\/span>a<\/span>t w<\/span>e a<\/span>c<\/span>tu<\/span>a<\/span>ll<\/span>y wan<\/span>t t<\/span>o g<\/span>e<\/span>t ri<\/span>d o<\/span>f<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Wh<\/span>y<\/span>?<\/p>\n

Th<\/span>e m<\/span>att<\/span>e<\/span>r i<\/span>s t<\/span>h<\/span>a<\/span>t th<\/span>e d<\/span>rivin<\/span>g forc<\/span>e o<\/span>f th<\/span>e ex<\/span>ha<\/span>le<\/span>d a<\/span>i<\/span>r i<\/span>s th<\/span>e press<\/span>u<\/span>r<\/span>e d<\/span>ro<\/span>p occ<\/span>u<\/span>rre<\/span>d w<\/span>it<\/span>h<\/span>i<\/span>n th<\/span>e syste<\/span>m \u201c<\/span>th<\/span>e a<\/span>l<\/span>v<\/span>eol<\/span>i \u2014 th<\/span>e na<\/span>s<\/span>a<\/span>l c<\/span>a<\/span>vi<\/span>t<\/span>y<\/span>\u201d<\/span>.<\/p>\n

I<\/span>n th<\/span>e p<\/span>a<\/span>us<\/span>e be<\/span>t<\/span>w<\/span>ee<\/span>n th<\/span>e i<\/span>nha<\/span>l<\/span>atio<\/span>n a<\/span>n<\/span>d th<\/span>e ex<\/span>ha<\/span>l<\/span>atio<\/span>n t<\/span>h<\/span>i<\/span>s forc<\/span>e i<\/span>s e<\/span>qua<\/span>l t<\/span>o \u201c<\/span>0<\/span>\u201d \u2014 th<\/span>e press<\/span>u<\/span>r<\/span>e i<\/span>n th<\/span>e stretche<\/span>d a<\/span>l<\/span>v<\/span>eol<\/span>i i<\/span>s jus<\/span>t th<\/span>e s<\/span>am<\/span>e a<\/span>s th<\/span>e press<\/span>u<\/span>r<\/span>e i<\/span>n th<\/span>e na<\/span>s<\/span>a<\/span>l c<\/span>a<\/span>vi<\/span>t<\/span>y<\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n

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Th<\/span>e ex<\/span>halatio<\/span>n st<\/span>ar<\/span>t<\/span>s fro<\/span>m al<\/span>veo<\/span>li<\/span>\u2019<\/span>s gra<\/span>du<\/span>al shr<\/span>ink<\/span>in<\/span>g an<\/span>d re<\/span>spe<\/span>cti<\/span>ve r<\/span>is<\/span>e o<\/span>f th<\/span>e pres<\/span>sur<\/span>e wi<\/span>thin them<\/span>. T<\/span>his pres<\/span>sur<\/span>e is pos<\/span>sibl<\/span>e du<\/span>e to t<\/span>wo force<\/span>s \u2014 th<\/span>e e<\/span>lasti<\/span>c tra<\/span>ctio<\/span>n o<\/span>f th<\/span>e lung<\/span>s an<\/span>d exp<\/span>ir<\/span>ato<\/span>r<\/span>y musc<\/span>ular effo<\/span>r<\/span>t that cr<\/span>e<\/span>ate<\/span>s th<\/span>e compres<\/span>sio<\/span>n fro<\/span>m out<\/span>sid<\/span>e<\/span>, fro<\/span>m th<\/span>e p<\/span>ar<\/span>t o<\/span>f th<\/span>e thoraci<\/span>c ca<\/span>ge<\/span>. T<\/span>his e<\/span>f<\/span>fo<\/span>r<\/span>t is slig<\/span>htl<\/span>y d<\/span>ampene<\/span>d by th<\/span>e pl<\/span>eur<\/span>al c<\/span>a<\/span>vi<\/span>t<\/span>y wi<\/span>th neg<\/span>ati<\/span>ve intr<\/span>apl<\/span>eur<\/span>al pres<\/span>sur<\/span>e<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Th<\/span>e press<\/span>u<\/span>r<\/span>e d<\/span>ifferenc<\/span>e occ<\/span>u<\/span>rre<\/span>d i<\/span>n th<\/span>e co<\/span>u<\/span>rs<\/span>e o<\/span>f ex<\/span>ha<\/span>l<\/span>atio<\/span>n incr<\/span>ea<\/span>se<\/span>s a<\/span>n<\/span>d th<\/span>e a<\/span>i<\/span>rstr<\/span>ea<\/span>m co<\/span>m<\/span>e<\/span>s ou<\/span>t o<\/span>f th<\/span>e respirato<\/span>r<\/span>y tra<\/span>c<\/span>t<\/span>.<\/b><\/p>\n

\"normal\"<\/p>\n

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<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n
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There is one trick in here \u2014 the pressure from the outside should not be excessive. In case this happens, the elastic bronchial passages shall be shut off and the air shall be sealed in the alveoli (it is this very phenomenon that is referred to as gas trap or gas tapping).<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n
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I<\/b><\/span>n<\/b> th<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> pra<\/b><\/span>c<\/b>tica<\/b><\/span>l<\/b> cou<\/b><\/span>r<\/b>s<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> o<\/b><\/span>f<\/b> pe<\/b><\/span>r<\/b><\/span>for<\/b><\/span>m<\/b><\/span>in<\/b><\/span>g<\/b> Bhastrik<\/b><\/span>a<\/b> i<\/b><\/span>t<\/b> m<\/b><\/span>ean<\/b><\/span>s<\/b> th<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> foll<\/b><\/span>ow<\/b><\/span>in<\/b><\/span>g<\/b><\/span>:<\/b> w<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> shoul<\/b><\/span>d<\/b> no<\/b><\/span>t<\/b> enga<\/b><\/span>g<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> th<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> m<\/b><\/span>uscle<\/b><\/span>s<\/b> o<\/b><\/span>f<\/b> exhal<\/b><\/span>a<\/b>tio<\/b><\/span>n<\/b> pushin<\/b><\/span>g<\/b> th<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> ai<\/b><\/span>r<\/b> co<\/b><\/span>m<\/b><\/span>pletel<\/b><\/span>y<\/b> ou<\/b><\/span>t<\/b> b<\/b><\/span>y<\/b> m<\/b><\/span>ean<\/b><\/span>s<\/b> o<\/b><\/span>f<\/b> th<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> ribca<\/b><\/span>g<\/b><\/span>e<\/b><\/span>.<\/b><\/p>\n

T<\/span>h<\/span>i<\/span>s thesi<\/span>s c<\/span>a<\/span>n b<\/span>e exp<\/span>a<\/span>nde<\/span>d b<\/span>y spec<\/span>u<\/span>l<\/span>atin<\/span>g o<\/span>n th<\/span>e s<\/span>ub<\/span>je<\/span>c<\/span>t t<\/span>h<\/span>a<\/span>t b<\/span>y exp<\/span>i<\/span>r<\/span>atio<\/span>n w<\/span>e us<\/span>e th<\/span>e a<\/span>bdo<\/span>m<\/span>i<\/span>na<\/span>l m<\/span>uscles<\/span>, a<\/span>n<\/span>d respe<\/span>cti<\/span>v<\/span>el<\/span>y thes<\/span>e a<\/span>r<\/span>e ma<\/span>i<\/span>n<\/span>l<\/span>y th<\/span>e a<\/span>l<\/span>v<\/span>eol<\/span>i o<\/span>f l<\/span>ow<\/span>e<\/span>r l<\/span>u<\/span>ng<\/span>s t<\/span>h<\/span>a<\/span>t a<\/span>r<\/span>e opene<\/span>d up<\/span>. T<\/span>h<\/span>a<\/span>t is<\/span>, i<\/span>t i<\/span>s th<\/span>e plac<\/span>e w<\/span>her<\/span>e th<\/span>e a<\/span>i<\/span>r h<\/span>e<\/span>ad<\/span>s t<\/span>o a<\/span>n<\/span>d w<\/span>her<\/span>e th<\/span>e ov<\/span>erpress<\/span>u<\/span>r<\/span>e i<\/span>s for<\/span>m<\/span>e<\/span>d [2]<\/span>.<\/p>\n

I<\/b><\/span>n<\/b> pra<\/b><\/span>c<\/b>tic<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> i<\/b><\/span>t<\/b> m<\/b><\/span>ean<\/b><\/span>s<\/b> tha<\/b><\/span>t<\/b> i<\/b><\/span>n<\/b> th<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> cou<\/b><\/span>r<\/b>s<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> o<\/b><\/span>f<\/b> exhal<\/b><\/span>a<\/b>tio<\/b><\/span>n<\/b> th<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> ai<\/b><\/span>r<\/b> shoul<\/b><\/span>d<\/b> b<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> supplie<\/b><\/span>d<\/b> a<\/b><\/span>s<\/b> i<\/b><\/span>f<\/b> i<\/b><\/span>n<\/b> a<\/b><\/span>n<\/b> u<\/b><\/span>pw<\/b><\/span>ar<\/b><\/span>d<\/b> dire<\/b><\/span>c<\/b>tion<\/b><\/span>.<\/b> Th<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> i<\/b><\/span>m<\/b><\/span>puls<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> shoul<\/b><\/span>d<\/b> b<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> for<\/b><\/span>m<\/b><\/span>e<\/b><\/span>d<\/b> b<\/b><\/span>y<\/b> th<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> abdo<\/b><\/span>m<\/b><\/span>ina<\/b><\/span>l<\/b> m<\/b><\/span>uscles<\/b><\/span>,<\/b> w<\/b><\/span>hil<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> th<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> z<\/b><\/span>on<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> o<\/b><\/span>f<\/b> rib<\/b><\/span>s<\/b> an<\/b><\/span>d<\/b> diaphrag<\/b><\/span>m<\/b> shoul<\/b><\/span>d<\/b> b<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> t<\/b><\/span>o<\/b> so<\/b><\/span>m<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> e<\/b><\/span>x<\/b><\/span>ten<\/b><\/span>d<\/b> rela<\/b><\/span>x<\/b><\/span>e<\/b><\/span>d<\/b> an<\/b><\/span>d<\/b> shoul<\/b><\/span>d<\/b> no<\/b><\/span>t<\/b> resis<\/b><\/span>t<\/b> th<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> e<\/b>ffo<\/b><\/span>rt<\/b><\/span>.<\/b> Th<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> intr<\/b><\/span>a<\/b>-abdo<\/b><\/span>m<\/b><\/span>ina<\/b><\/span>l<\/b> pre<\/b><\/span>s<\/b><\/span>sur<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> buil<\/b><\/span>t<\/b> b<\/b><\/span>y<\/b> abdo<\/b><\/span>m<\/b><\/span>ina<\/b><\/span>l<\/b> m<\/b><\/span>uscle<\/b><\/span>s<\/b> m<\/b><\/span>us<\/b><\/span>t<\/b> i<\/b><\/span>nv<\/b><\/span>ol<\/b><\/span>v<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> th<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> diaphrag<\/b><\/span>m<\/b> int<\/b><\/span>o<\/b> th<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> u<\/b><\/span>p<\/b><\/span>w<\/b><\/span>ar<\/b><\/span>d<\/b> mov<\/b><\/span>e<\/b><\/span>m<\/b><\/span>en<\/b><\/span>t<\/b><\/span>.<\/b><\/p>\n

Th<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> intercosta<\/b><\/span>l<\/b> m<\/b><\/span>uscle<\/b><\/span>s<\/b> shoul<\/b><\/span>d<\/b> t<\/b><\/span>o<\/b> th<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> e<\/b><\/span>x<\/b><\/span>ten<\/b><\/span>t<\/b> possibl<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> b<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> e<\/b><\/span>x<\/b><\/span>clude<\/b><\/span>d<\/b> fro<\/b><\/span>m<\/b> th<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> a<\/b><\/span>c<\/b><\/span>t<\/b> o<\/b><\/span>f<\/b> a<\/b><\/span>c<\/b>ti<\/b><\/span>v<\/b><\/span>e<\/b> exhal<\/b><\/span>a<\/b>tion<\/b><\/span>.<\/b><\/p>\n

I w<\/span>o<\/span>u<\/span>l<\/span>d li<\/span>k<\/span>e t<\/span>o gi<\/span>v<\/span>e her<\/span>e on<\/span>e m<\/span>or<\/span>e i<\/span>n<\/span>tere<\/span>stin<\/span>g co<\/span>n<\/span>te<\/span>m<\/span>pl<\/span>atio<\/span>n t<\/span>h<\/span>a<\/span>t g<\/span>oe<\/span>s so<\/span>mewh<\/span>a<\/span>t b<\/span>ey<\/span>on<\/span>d th<\/span>e scop<\/span>e o<\/span>f t<\/span>h<\/span>i<\/span>s a<\/span>rticl<\/span>e<\/span>.<\/p>\n

I<\/span>n ter<\/span>m<\/span>s o<\/span>f m<\/span>e<\/span>d<\/span>icin<\/span>e th<\/span>e d<\/span>i<\/span>a<\/span>p<\/span>h<\/span>rag<\/span>m i<\/span>s tra<\/span>d<\/span>itio<\/span>na<\/span>ll<\/span>y considere<\/span>d t<\/span>o b<\/span>e a m<\/span>us<\/span>cl<\/span>e t<\/span>h<\/span>a<\/span>t i<\/span>s no<\/span>t s<\/span>ub<\/span>je<\/span>c<\/span>te<\/span>d t<\/span>o co<\/span>n<\/span>trol<\/span>.<\/p>\n

U<\/span>nde<\/span>r con<\/span>d<\/span>itio<\/span>n<\/span>s o<\/span>f B<\/span>ha<\/span>stik<\/span>a (h<\/span>ype<\/span>r<\/span>v<\/span>e<\/span>ntil<\/span>atio<\/span>n<\/span>) th<\/span>e expirato<\/span>r<\/span>y m<\/span>uscle<\/span>s b<\/span>eco<\/span>m<\/span>e a<\/span>cti<\/span>ve<\/span>. Th<\/span>e i<\/span>n<\/span>tercost<\/span>a<\/span>l expirato<\/span>r<\/span>y m<\/span>uscle<\/span>s m<\/span>us<\/span>t b<\/span>e d<\/span>e<\/span>a<\/span>ctivate<\/span>d i<\/span>n orde<\/span>r t<\/span>o ma<\/span>i<\/span>n<\/span>t<\/span>a<\/span>i<\/span>n th<\/span>e v<\/span>e<\/span>ntil<\/span>atio<\/span>n<\/span>; a<\/span>n<\/span>d i<\/span>n so<\/span>m<\/span>e m<\/span>o<\/span>m<\/span>e<\/span>n<\/span>t th<\/span>e a<\/span>bili<\/span>t<\/span>y o<\/span>f man<\/span>agin<\/span>g th<\/span>e d<\/span>i<\/span>a<\/span>p<\/span>h<\/span>rag<\/span>m ma<\/span>y beco<\/span>m<\/span>e necess<\/span>a<\/span>r<\/span>y<\/span>.<\/p>\n

W<\/span>e m<\/span>us<\/span>t a<\/span>ls<\/span>o t<\/span>a<\/span>k<\/span>e i<\/span>n<\/span>t<\/span>o consider<\/span>atio<\/span>n t<\/span>h<\/span>a<\/span>t th<\/span>e acc<\/span>umu<\/span>l<\/span>atio<\/span>n o<\/span>f tensio<\/span>n i<\/span>n m<\/span>uscle<\/span>s a<\/span>n<\/span>d l<\/span>u<\/span>n<\/span>g tis<\/span>su<\/span>e i<\/span>n th<\/span>e co<\/span>u<\/span>rs<\/span>e o<\/span>f pe<\/span>r<\/span>for<\/span>m<\/span>in<\/span>g B<\/span>ha<\/span>strik<\/span>a a<\/span>t so<\/span>m<\/span>e ce<\/span>r<\/span>t<\/span>a<\/span>i<\/span>n poi<\/span>n<\/span>t res<\/span>u<\/span>l<\/span>ts i<\/span>n one<\/span>\u2019<\/span>s i<\/span>na<\/span>bili<\/span>t<\/span>y t<\/span>o cop<\/span>e w<\/span>it<\/span>h it<\/span>. Th<\/span>e e<\/span>x<\/span>cit<\/span>atio<\/span>n a<\/span>s i<\/span>f spr<\/span>e<\/span>ad<\/span>s ov<\/span>e<\/span>r th<\/span>e respirato<\/span>r<\/span>y n<\/span>eu<\/span>ron<\/span>s t<\/span>h<\/span>a<\/span>t co<\/span>n<\/span>tro<\/span>l th<\/span>e respirato<\/span>r<\/span>y m<\/span>uscle<\/span>s a<\/span>n<\/span>d i<\/span>t c<\/span>ea<\/span>se<\/span>s t<\/span>o b<\/span>e loc<\/span>a<\/span>l (<\/span>th<\/span>e effe<\/span>c<\/span>t o<\/span>f te<\/span>m<\/span>por<\/span>a<\/span>l a<\/span>n<\/span>d sp<\/span>atia<\/span>l s<\/span>umm<\/span>atio<\/span>n<\/span>)<\/span>.<\/p>\n

A<\/span>t th<\/span>e sta<\/span>g<\/span>e o<\/span>f ma<\/span>sterin<\/span>g th<\/span>e se<\/span>t t<\/span>a<\/span>s<\/span>k an<\/span>y z<\/span>one<\/span>s t<\/span>h<\/span>a<\/span>t a pe<\/span>rso<\/span>n ca<\/span>n pr<\/span>o<\/span>d<\/span>uc<\/span>e ex<\/span>ha<\/span>l<\/span>atio<\/span>n w<\/span>it<\/span>h w<\/span>il<\/span>l b<\/span>e a<\/span>cti<\/span>v<\/span>el<\/span>y i<\/span>nv<\/span>ol<\/span>v<\/span>ed<\/span>. U<\/span>p t<\/span>o repro<\/span>d<\/span>u<\/span>ctio<\/span>n o<\/span>f a<\/span>rc<\/span>ha<\/span>i<\/span>c r<\/span>efle<\/span>x<\/span>e<\/span>s \u2014 th<\/span>e a<\/span>ctiv<\/span>atio<\/span>n o<\/span>f i<\/span>n<\/span>tercosta<\/span>l m<\/span>uscles<\/span>, neck<\/span>, sho<\/span>u<\/span>lde<\/span>rs a<\/span>n<\/span>d s<\/span>o on<\/span>. (<\/span>5<\/span>)<\/p>\n

Thos<\/span>e w<\/span>h<\/span>o hav<\/span>e trie<\/span>d \u2014 th<\/span>e<\/span>y d<\/span>o kn<\/span>o<\/span>w<\/span>.<\/p>\n

An<\/span>d i<\/span>n<\/span>tercost<\/span>a<\/span>l<\/span>–p<\/span>h<\/span>re<\/span>n<\/span>i<\/span>c r<\/span>efle<\/span>x i<\/span>s n<\/span>o e<\/span>x<\/span>ce<\/span>ptio<\/span>n<\/span>: th<\/span>e i<\/span>n<\/span>tercost<\/span>a<\/span>l m<\/span>uscle<\/span>s a<\/span>r<\/span>e thos<\/span>e t<\/span>h<\/span>a<\/span>t a<\/span>r<\/span>e m<\/span>os<\/span>t a<\/span>cti<\/span>v<\/span>el<\/span>y i<\/span>nv<\/span>ol<\/span>v<\/span>ed<\/span>.<\/p>\n

I<\/span>n th<\/span>e describe<\/span>d con<\/span>d<\/span>ition<\/span>s i<\/span>t i<\/span>s o<\/span>n<\/span>l<\/span>y b<\/span>y mea<\/span>n<\/span>s o<\/span>f consciou<\/span>s a<\/span>ctio<\/span>n t<\/span>h<\/span>a<\/span>t a pe<\/span>rso<\/span>n ma<\/span>y ma<\/span>i<\/span>n<\/span>t<\/span>a<\/span>i<\/span>n th<\/span>e o<\/span>pti<\/span>mu<\/span>m o<\/span>f th<\/span>e move<\/span>. I<\/span>t i<\/span>s no<\/span>t th<\/span>e bod<\/span>y w<\/span>it<\/span>h i<\/span>ts ha<\/span>bitu<\/span>a<\/span>l r<\/span>efle<\/span>x<\/span>e<\/span>s t<\/span>h<\/span>a<\/span>t chooses<\/span>. Th<\/span>e on<\/span>e t<\/span>o choos<\/span>e i<\/span>s th<\/span>e ma<\/span>n<\/span>. W<\/span>h<\/span>o l<\/span>ea<\/span>rn<\/span>s t<\/span>o choos<\/span>e<\/span>. U<\/span>nde<\/span>r h<\/span>i<\/span>s ow<\/span>n est<\/span>a<\/span>blishe<\/span>d con<\/span>d<\/span>ition<\/span>s o<\/span>f necessi<\/span>t<\/span>y o<\/span>f sop<\/span>h<\/span>i<\/span>sticate<\/span>d man<\/span>a<\/span>g<\/span>e<\/span>m<\/span>e<\/span>n<\/span>t o<\/span>f th<\/span>e syste<\/span>m t<\/span>h<\/span>a<\/span>t w<\/span>o<\/span>u<\/span>l<\/span>d hav<\/span>e no<\/span>t bee<\/span>n a<\/span>c<\/span>tu<\/span>a<\/span>l<\/span>iz<\/span>e<\/span>d b<\/span>ey<\/span>on<\/span>d th<\/span>e stat<\/span>e o<\/span>f tot<\/span>a<\/span>l tension<\/span>. T<\/span>o m<\/span>y opi<\/span>n<\/span>io<\/span>n t<\/span>h<\/span>i<\/span>s stat<\/span>e co<\/span>m<\/span>e<\/span>s a<\/span>s a<\/span>n esse<\/span>nti<\/span>a<\/span>l prere<\/span>q- u<\/span>isit<\/span>e fo<\/span>r for<\/span>m<\/span>in<\/span>g th<\/span>e c<\/span>a<\/span>p<\/span>a<\/span>bili<\/span>t<\/span>y o<\/span>f s<\/span>u<\/span>btl<\/span>e<\/span>, poi<\/span>n<\/span>t<\/span>–li<\/span>k<\/span>e co<\/span>n<\/span>tro<\/span>l o<\/span>f one<\/span>\u2019<\/span>s bod<\/span>y<\/span>. O<\/span>f e<\/span>ac<\/span>h in<\/span>d<\/span>ivi<\/span>du<\/span>a<\/span>l m<\/span>uscl<\/span>e<\/span>.<\/p>\n

B<\/span>y mea<\/span>n<\/span>s o<\/span>f cr<\/span>e<\/span>atin<\/span>g consciou<\/span>s effo<\/span>r<\/span>t w<\/span>e ma<\/span>y destr<\/span>o<\/span>y th<\/span>e obsolesce<\/span>n<\/span>t r<\/span>efle<\/span>x<\/span>e<\/span>s a<\/span>n<\/span>d for<\/span>m n<\/span>e<\/span>w i<\/span>n<\/span>tern<\/span>eu<\/span>ro<\/span>n<\/span>i<\/span>c co<\/span>n<\/span>ne<\/span>ctions<\/span>, n<\/span>e<\/span>w f<\/span>u<\/span>n<\/span>ctio<\/span>na<\/span>l ce<\/span>n<\/span>te<\/span>rs i<\/span>n th<\/span>e br<\/span>a<\/span>i<\/span>n (<\/span>A<\/span>. P<\/span>. Anok<\/span>h<\/span>i<\/span>n<\/span>)<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Wh<\/span>il<\/span>e th<\/span>e o<\/span>b<\/span>je<\/span>cti<\/span>v<\/span>e o<\/span>f th<\/span>e br<\/span>e<\/span>at<\/span>h<\/span>in<\/span>g syste<\/span>m i<\/span>s th<\/span>e pr<\/span>o<\/span>visio<\/span>n o<\/span>f un<\/span>i<\/span>n<\/span>terr<\/span>u<\/span>p<\/span>t<\/span>e<\/span>d a<\/span>i<\/span>r con<\/span>d<\/span>u<\/span>c<\/span>t<\/span>, th<\/span>e t<\/span>a<\/span>s<\/span>k o<\/span>f th<\/span>e ma<\/span>n i<\/span>s t<\/span>h<\/span>a<\/span>t o<\/span>f skillf<\/span>u<\/span>l man<\/span>a<\/span>g<\/span>e<\/span>m<\/span>e<\/span>n<\/span>t o<\/span>f th<\/span>e m<\/span>os<\/span>t co<\/span>m<\/span>plex<\/span>, mu<\/span>ltico<\/span>m<\/span>pone<\/span>n<\/span>t respirato<\/span>r<\/span>y a<\/span>pp<\/span>a<\/span>ratus<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Y<\/span>og<\/span>a gi<\/span>v<\/span>e<\/span>s instr<\/span>um<\/span>e<\/span>n<\/span>ts fo<\/span>r suc<\/span>h man<\/span>a<\/span>g<\/span>e<\/span>m<\/span>e<\/span>n<\/span>t<\/span>. Fo<\/span>r t<\/span>a<\/span>kin<\/span>g c<\/span>a<\/span>r<\/span>e o<\/span>f one<\/span>\u2019<\/span>s bod<\/span>y<\/span>. Fo<\/span>r one<\/span>\u2019<\/span>s tr<\/span>a<\/span>nsfor<\/span>m<\/span>ation<\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n

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Notes:<\/b> (1)<\/b><\/p>\n

\"yogatheraphy\"<\/p>\n

Fig. 1. The outflow to volume curves. A.<\/b> Forced expiration after maximal inspiration. B.<\/b> Expiration done first slowly, and then forced. C.<\/b> Expiration done at above the average rate. In all cases the descending segments of the curves coincide.<\/p>\n

Th<\/span>e a<\/span>b<\/span>ov<\/span>e-<\/span>gi<\/span>v<\/span>e<\/span>n fig<\/span>u<\/span>r<\/span>e sh<\/span>ow<\/span>s th<\/span>e a<\/span>i<\/span>r flo<\/span>w c<\/span>u<\/span>r<\/span>v<\/span>e<\/span>s u<\/span>nde<\/span>r con<\/span>d<\/span>ition<\/span>s o<\/span>f v<\/span>a<\/span>r<\/span>iou<\/span>s expirato<\/span>r<\/span>y m<\/span>usc<\/span>u<\/span>la<\/span>r effo<\/span>r<\/span>t<\/span>. Th<\/span>e<\/span>y d<\/span>iffe<\/span>r o<\/span>n<\/span>l<\/span>y i<\/span>n th<\/span>e<\/span>i<\/span>r i<\/span>n<\/span>iti<\/span>a<\/span>l poi<\/span>n<\/span>t \u2014 t<\/span>h<\/span>i<\/span>s sp<\/span>ea<\/span>kin<\/span>g fo<\/span>r independenc<\/span>e o<\/span>f th<\/span>e a<\/span>i<\/span>r flo<\/span>w fro<\/span>m th<\/span>e m<\/span>usc<\/span>u<\/span>l<\/span>a<\/span>r effo<\/span>r<\/span>t ha<\/span>l<\/span>f<\/span>wa<\/span>y t<\/span>h<\/span>roug<\/span>h a<\/span>n<\/span>d a<\/span>t th<\/span>e en<\/span>d o<\/span>f th<\/span>e ex<\/span>ha<\/span>l<\/span>ation<\/span>.<\/p>\n

(<\/b><\/span>2<\/b><\/span>)<\/b> Th<\/span>e m<\/span>ode<\/span>l i<\/span>s i<\/span>n a ce<\/span>r<\/span>t<\/span>a<\/span>i<\/span>n wa<\/span>y si<\/span>m<\/span>pl<\/span>ifie<\/span>d (<\/span>th<\/span>e a<\/span>i<\/span>r ha<\/span>s th<\/span>e a<\/span>bili<\/span>t<\/span>y o<\/span>f mo<\/span>vin<\/span>g w<\/span>it<\/span>h<\/span>i<\/span>n th<\/span>e l<\/span>u<\/span>ng<\/span>s<\/span>)<\/span>.<\/p>\n

(3<\/b><\/span>)<\/b> W<\/span>e spo<\/span>k<\/span>e a<\/span>bou<\/span>t i<\/span>n<\/span>tercost<\/span>a<\/span>l<\/span>–p<\/span>h<\/span>re<\/span>n<\/span>i<\/span>c r<\/span>efle<\/span>x i<\/span>n th<\/span>e se<\/span>ctio<\/span>n 1<\/span>.<\/p>\n

(<\/b><\/span>4<\/b><\/span>)<\/b> Bu<\/span>t t<\/span>h<\/span>i<\/span>s i<\/span>s a q<\/span>ue<\/span>stio<\/span>n fo<\/span>r f<\/span>u<\/span>r<\/span>the<\/span>r res<\/span>ea<\/span>rc<\/span>h i<\/span>n th<\/span>e fie<\/span>l<\/span>d o<\/span>f Y<\/span>og<\/span>a-ther<\/span>ap<\/span>y<\/span>. An<\/span>d fo<\/span>r m<\/span>or<\/span>e \u201c<\/span>v<\/span>ol<\/span>um<\/span>etri<\/span>c<\/span>\u201d t<\/span>yp<\/span>e o<\/span>f br<\/span>e<\/span>at<\/span>h<\/span>in<\/span>g \u2014 suc<\/span>h sop<\/span>h<\/span>i<\/span>sticate<\/span>d man<\/span>ip<\/span>u<\/span>l<\/span>atio<\/span>n w<\/span>it<\/span>h th<\/span>e d<\/span>i<\/span>a<\/span>p<\/span>h<\/span>rag<\/span>m i<\/span>s b<\/span>ett<\/span>e<\/span>r ma<\/span>stere<\/span>d w<\/span>he<\/span>n i<\/span>n sl<\/span>o<\/span>w pac<\/span>e<\/span>.<\/p>\n

(<\/b><\/span>5<\/b><\/span>)<\/b> I<\/span>. S<\/span>. Bresl<\/span>a<\/span>v i<\/span>n h<\/span>i<\/span>s ana<\/span>lysi<\/span>s o<\/span>f respir<\/span>atio<\/span>n syste<\/span>m d<\/span>r<\/span>aw<\/span>s att<\/span>e<\/span>ntio<\/span>n t<\/span>o th<\/span>e fa<\/span>c<\/span>t t<\/span>h<\/span>a<\/span>t i<\/span>n ter<\/span>m<\/span>s o<\/span>f p<\/span>h<\/span>ylo<\/span>g<\/span>e<\/span>n<\/span>y (<\/span>i<\/span>n th<\/span>e proces<\/span>s o<\/span>f de<\/span>v<\/span>elop<\/span>m<\/span>e<\/span>n<\/span>t fro<\/span>m on<\/span>e sp<\/span>e<\/span>cie<\/span>s t<\/span>o a<\/span>nothe<\/span>r<\/span>) th<\/span>e v<\/span>e<\/span>ntil<\/span>atio<\/span>n o<\/span>f l<\/span>u<\/span>ng<\/span>s wa<\/span>s e<\/span>v<\/span>olvin<\/span>g fro<\/span>m loco<\/span>m<\/span>oto<\/span>r mov<\/span>em<\/span>e<\/span>n<\/span>ts o<\/span>f th<\/span>e bod<\/span>y<\/span>. (<\/span>I<\/span>. S<\/span>. Bresl<\/span>a<\/span>v<\/span>.<\/span>, 19<\/span>81<\/span>; I<\/span>. S<\/span>. Bresl<\/span>a<\/span>v<\/span>. B<\/span>e<\/span>at<\/span>h<\/span>in<\/span>g P<\/span>att<\/span>erns<\/span>, 19<\/span>8<\/span>4<\/span>.<\/span>)<\/span>. I<\/span>n t<\/span>h<\/span>i<\/span>s scop<\/span>e th<\/span>e a<\/span>c<\/span>t o<\/span>f i<\/span>nha<\/span>l<\/span>atio<\/span>n co<\/span>m<\/span>plie<\/span>s w<\/span>it<\/span>h un<\/span>ben<\/span>d<\/span>in<\/span>g (<\/span>stretc<\/span>h<\/span>in<\/span>g)<\/span>, wh<\/span>il<\/span>e th<\/span>e on<\/span>e o<\/span>f ex<\/span>ha<\/span>l<\/span>atio<\/span>n \u2014 w<\/span>it<\/span>h ben<\/span>d<\/span>in<\/span>g o<\/span>f th<\/span>e bod<\/span>y<\/span>.<\/p>\n

I<\/span>n co<\/span>nti<\/span>n<\/span>u<\/span>atio<\/span>n o<\/span>f thes<\/span>e spec<\/span>u<\/span>l<\/span>atio<\/span>n [<\/span>w<\/span>e sho<\/span>u<\/span>l<\/span>d s<\/span>a<\/span>y t<\/span>h<\/span>a<\/span>t<\/span>] thes<\/span>e mov<\/span>e<\/span>m<\/span>e<\/span>n<\/span>ts ma<\/span>y b<\/span>e a<\/span>ls<\/span>o a<\/span>ssociate<\/span>d w<\/span>it<\/span>h e<\/span>m<\/span>otio<\/span>na<\/span>l state<\/span>s o<\/span>f th<\/span>e pra<\/span>ctitione<\/span>r<\/span>, h<\/span>i<\/span>s be<\/span>ha<\/span>vior<\/span>a<\/span>l p<\/span>att<\/span>ern<\/span>s (<\/span>A<\/span>.<\/span>G<\/span>. S<\/span>a<\/span>fron<\/span>o<\/span>v<\/span>. Y<\/span>og<\/span>a<\/span>: Ph<\/span>ysiolo<\/span>g<\/span>y<\/span>, Ps<\/span>y<\/span>choso<\/span>m<\/span>ati<\/span>cs<\/span>, Bioener<\/span>g<\/span>eti<\/span>cs<\/span>)<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Footnotes<\/span><\/pre>\n
[1] The muscular effort allows creating initial exhalation speed. Further speed and volume of the exhaled air shall not depend upon the muscular effort made (J. West. Respiratory Physiology: The Essentials. M., 1988. J. West. Pulmonary Pathophysiology. M., 2008).<\/p>\n
[2] Therefore the exhalation should be formed by pushing the air out from them. The effort done by means of intercostal muscles will lead to increased risk of gas traps formation in the alveoli in which the amount of gas is not that big.<\/p>\n
Kharkiv, 2014.<\/p>\n
 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Part 1. Bhastrika and Musculoskeletal System When practicing Yoga long enough one starts to understand the profoundness of the practices offered. Thus, the articles become more extensive and require more time. On the other hand, we have the desire to continuously share the new discoveries with the readers. What shall we do in this case?… Continue reading Bhastrika. The Effects and Mechanisms of Health Improvement<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":42,"featured_media":1884480,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[497,912],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-335126","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles-of-the-instructors","category-yoga-therapy","entry"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.in.yoga\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/335126","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.in.yoga\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.in.yoga\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.in.yoga\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/42"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.in.yoga\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=335126"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.in.yoga\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/335126\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6894150,"href":"https:\/\/www.in.yoga\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/335126\/revisions\/6894150"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.in.yoga\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1884480"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.in.yoga\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=335126"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.in.yoga\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=335126"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.in.yoga\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=335126"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}